Geology and Society

1 Introduction.- The Environment and the Geological Sciences.- Environment and History.- The Twentieth Century.- Environmental Ethics.- Environmental Guidelines.- The Environmental Decade.- The Present Status.- The Future.- Postlude.- 2 Mineral Resources.- Classification.- Origin of Mineral Deposits.- Mineral Properties.- Reserves and Resources.- Occurrence and Distribution of Ore Deposits.- Exploration and Discovery.- Mining and Development.- Supply and Demand.- Non-Metallic Minerals.- Construction and Building Resources.- Fertilizer Materials.- Other Uses.- Impacts Caused by Mining.- Case Histories.- Mineral Policy and Planning.- Policy Recommendations.- Reclamation.- Postlude.- 3 Energy Resources.- An Overview.- Oil.- The Geology of Oil.- Production Methods.- Oil Consumption.- Environmental Effects.- Natural Gas.- Coal.- Geology of Coal.- Mining Techniques.- Geography and Resources.- Environmental Effects.- Synfuels.- Oil Shale.- Tar Sands.- Other Geologic Energy Sources.- Uranium.- Geothermal.- Hydropower.- Energy Policy.- Postlude.- 4 Water Resources.- Occurrence.- Surface Water.- Groundwater.- Water Use.- Patterns of Use.- Water Problems.- Groundwater Mining.- Soil Salinization.- Wetlands.- Transportation.- Pollution.- Water Management.- Water Augmentation.- Water Remedial Measures.- Non-Structural Conservation.- Case Studies in Water Management.- South Florida.- Colorado River Basin.- Postlude.- 5 Volcanic Activity.- Distribution.- Volcanic Miscellany.- Origin.- Processes and Classification.- Products and Effects.- Volcanic Disasters.- Mount St. Helens.- El Chichon, Mexico.- Prediction.- Seismic Activity.- Hillside Deformation.- Other Changes and Precursors.- Historical Record.- Hazard Mitigation.- Beneficial Aspects.- Postlude.- 6 Earthquakes.- Terminology.- Distribution.- Causes.- Effects.- Damages.- Disasters.- Prediction and Amelioration of Earthquakes.- Postlude.- 7 Landslides.- Effects.- Landslides and Related Processes.- Loss of Vertical Support.- Classification.- Natural Causes.- Excessive Precipitation.- Earthquakes.- Human Interference.- Hillslope Disturbance.- Vegetative Changes.- Pore-Water Changes.- Landslide Destruction.- Land Management.- Recognition.- Legal Affairs.- Remedies and Control.- Snow Avalanches.- Government Landslide Programs.- Postlude.- 8 Floods.- River Systems.- Why Do We Have Floods?.- Environmental Factors that Contribute to Flooding.- Effects of Floods.- Damages and Case Histories.- Colorado River.- Management of Flood Hazards.- Structural Measures.- Land Treatment Measures.- Legislative Measures.- Geological Data.- Postlude.- 9 Coastal Environments.- The Seascape.- Coastal Forces.- Historical Background.- Current Status of Shorelines.- Barrier Islands.- Human Intervention.- Coastal Engineering.- Seawalls, Revetments, and Bulkheads.- Breakwaters.- Jetties and Groins.- Beach Nourishment and Sand Bypassing.- Sand Dunes.- Off-Road Vehicles.- Coastal Law.- Postlude.- 10 Soil Destruction.- What is Soil?.- Historical Background.- Soil Destruction.- Farmland Erosion.- Deforestation.- Salinization.- Other Soil Losses.- Overgrazing.- Urbanization.- Off-Road Vehicles.- Desertification.- Soil Conservation.- Soil-Bearing Controls.- Biological Controls.- Structural-Engineering Controls.- The World Situation.- Postlude.- 11 Geoengineering.- Conveyance Systems.- Highways.- Aqueducts, Canals, and Pipelines.- Dams.- Case Histories.- Adverse Impacts.- Channelization.- Case Histories.- Benefits and Design.- Environmental Engineering.- Expansive Soils.- Permafrost Terrane.- Wetlands.- Other Case Histories.- Postlude.- 12 Environmental Contamination.- Role of Geology.- Air Pollution.- Human Health.- Acid Precipitation.- Weather and Climate Effects.- Solid-Waste Disposal.- Open Dumps.- Marine Dumps.- Incineration.- Sanitary Landfill.- Hazardous Waste.- Dioxins.- Case Histories.- Nuclear Waste.- Disposal Alternatives.- Wastewater Disposal.- Recycling.- Postlude.- 13 Environmental Management.- The Format of