Microcomputer Control of Thermal and Mechanical Systems

1 Microcomputer Control.- 1-1 The Penetration of Microprocessors into Engineering Fields.- 1-2 The Path by which Microcomputer Control Has Grown.- 1-3 Chemical and Process Industries.- 1-4 Environmental Control of Buildings.- 1-5 Automobiles.- 1-6 Home Appliances.- 1-7 Computer Control in Manufacturing.- 1-8 Electric Power Generation and Regulation.- 1-9 Agricultural Applications of Computer Control.- 1-10 What the Engineer Who Applies Computers Needs to Know.- References.- 2 DC Circuits and Power Supplies.- 2-1 Understanding Circuits.- 2-2 Kirchhoff's Laws.- 2-3 Thévenin Equivalent.- 2-4 Norton Equivalent.- 2-5 RC Circuits.- 2-6 Resistors.- 2-7 Diodes.- 2-8 Rectifying Circuit.- 2-9 Voltage Ripple.- 2-10 Commercial Power Supplies.- 2-11 Voltage Regulators.- Problems.- 3 Operational Amplifiers.- 3-1 Application of Operational Amplifiers.- 3-2 Basic Characteristic of the Op Amp.- 3-3 Comparator.- 3-4 Inverting Amplifier.- 3-5 Choice of Resistances.- 3-6 Non-inverting Op Amp.- 3-7 Buffer or Follower Amp.- 3-8 Signal Conditioning.- 3-9 Summing and Multiplying Amplifier.- 3-10 Generalized Circuit for an Op Amp.- 3-11 Integrator.- 3-12 Pin Diagram of 741 Op Amp.- 3-13 Limitations and Ratings of the Op Amp.- General References.- Problems.- 4 Transistors.- 4-1 Impact of the Transistor.- 4-2 Symbols and Terminology.- 4-3 Current Characteristics.- 4-4 Bipolar-Junction and Field-Effect Transistors.- 4-5 Voltages at the Transistor Terminals.- 4-6 Voltage Amplifier.- 4-7 Transistor as a Switch, and Saturating the Transistor.- 4-8 Common Emitter and Common Collector Circuits.- 4-9 Zener Diode.- 4-10 Constant-Current Source.- 4-11 Designing a Constant-Current Source.- 4-12 Operating Limits of a Transistor.- 4-13 Transistor Packages.- References.- Problems.- 5 Transducers.- 5-1 Importance of Good Instrumentation.- 5-2 Thermocouples.- 5-3 Thermocouple Reference Junction.- 5-4 Metal and Thermistor Resist ance-Temperature Devices.- 5-5 Series Circuit.- 5-6 Bridge Circuits.- 5-7 Amplification of a Bridge Output.- 5-8 RTD Circuits Supplied with Constant Current.- 5-9 Temperature-Dependent Integrated Circuits.- 5-10 Application of Sensors-Liquid Temperature.- 5-11 Application of Sensors-Temperature of Air and Other Gases.- 5-12 An Overview of Temperature Sensors and Transducers.- 5-13 Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement.- 5-14 Venturi Tubes-Liquid Flow Measurement.- 5-15 Orifice-Liquid Flow Measurement.- 5-16 Flow Measurement of a Compressible Fluid in a Venturi or Orifice.- 5-17 Pitot Tubes.- 5-18 Hot-Wire Anemometer.- 5-19 Turbine Flow Meter.- 5-20 Ultrasonic Flow Meters.- 5-21 Vortex-Shedding Flow Meters.- 5-22 Evaluation of Flow-Measuring Devices.- 5-23 Pressure Transducers.- 5-24 Evaluation of Types of Pressure Transducers.- 5-25 Force.- 5-26 Torque.- 5-27 Electric Current.- 5-28 Humidity Sensors.- 5-29 Chemical Composition.- 5-30 Liquid Level.- 5-31 Position and Motion Sensors.- 5-32 Rotative Speed.- 5-33 How to Choose Transducers.- References.- General References.- Problems.- 6 Actuators.- 6-1 Actuators for Computer Control Systems.- 6-2 Two-Position DC Electric Switch.- 6-3 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) for DC Switching.- 6-4 Triac-Alternating Current Switching.- 6-5 Optically Isolated Switch.- 6-6 Solid-State Relays.- 6-7 Electric-Motor Actuators.- 6-8 Magnetic Operator.- 6-9 Hydraulic Actuator.- 6-10 Pneumatic Valve and Damper Operators.- 6-11 Electric-to-Pneumatic Transducer.- 6-12 Stepping Motors.- 6-13 Performance of Stepping Motors.- References.- Problems.- 7 Binary Numbers and Digital Electronics.- 7-1 Transition to Digital Electronics.- 7-2 Binary Numbers.- 7-3 Conversion between Binary and Decimal Numbers.- 7-4 Addition of Binary Numbers.- 7-5 Basic Logic Operations.- 7-6 OR Gate.- 7-7 AND Gate.- 7-8 Inverter.- 7-9 NOT-OR (NOR) Gate.- 7-10 NOT-AND (NAND) Gate.- 7-11 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate.- 7-12 Combining and Cascading Gates.- 7-13 De Morgan's Laws.- 7-14 Gate Chips.- 7-15 Ladder Diagrams for Conditional and Sequential Con