A Consumer's Guide to Archaeological Science: Analytical Techniques

Part I Basic Science.-Chapter 1 Elements, Atoms and Molecules.- Matter and the Atom.-The Periodic Table of Elements.-Chemical Bonding.-Chemical Equations.-Cellular Energy.-Electrical Conductivity.-Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Radiation.-Wavelength, Frequency and Energy.-The Electromagnetic Spectrum.-Energy Absorption and Emission by Atoms and Molecules.-Chapter 3 Radioactive Isotopes and Their Decay.-Emissions.-Radioactive Decay.-The Uranium Decay Series.-Nuclear Reactions.-Chapter 4 Stable Isotopes.-Carbon.-Nitrogen.-Strontium.-Lead.-Oxygen.-Hydrogen.-Chapter 5 Organic Compounds.- Important Organic Compound Families.-Lipids.-Amino Acids and Proteins.-Carbohydrates.-Deoxyribonucleic Acid.-Chapter 6 Other Useful Concepts.-Acids and Bases.-Stereochemistry and the Polarimeter.-Chemical Reactions.- Part II Applications.-Chapter 7 Compositional Analysis.-Chapter 8 Radiocarbon dating.-Carbon-14.- Using Radioactive Carbon to Date Organic Material.-Counting beta Emissions.-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dating.-Conventional Radiocarbon Ages.-Carbon Exchange Reservoir.-Differences in Circulation Time in the Carbon Cycle.-Secular Variation.-Converting Radiocarbon Ages Into Calendar Dates.-Sampling Considerations.-Sample Pretreatment.-Current Issues in Radiocarbon Dating.-Less Destructive Sampling Techniques.-Judging the Quality of Radiocarbon Dates.-Conclusions.-Chapter 9 Other Radioactive Decay Based Dating Techniques.-Uranium Series Dating.-Using Uranium as a Clock.-Measuring Radioactivity.-Sample Selection.-Biogenetic materials and Uranium Uptake.-Sample Preparation.- Sample Contamination.-Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating.- The Production of Radiogenic Argon.- Procedures for Obtaining a K-Ar Date.- Procedures for Obtaining an Ar-Ar Date.-Fission Track Dating.-Sample Requirements.-Procedure.-Age Calculation.-Age Range and Potential Errors.-Chapter 10 Trapped Charge Dating.-Theoretical Considerations.-Measuring the Population of Trapped Charges.-Thermoluminescence Dating.-Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating.-Electron Spin Resonance Dating.-Determining the Paleodose Dose.-Additive (Dose) Method.-Regeneration Technique.-Partial Bleach(ing) Technique.-Regeneration Method.-Single Aliquot Regeneration (SAR).-The Plateau Test.-Sources of the Annual Dose.-External Contribution.-Internal Contribution.-Uranium Uptake.-Dating Limitations and Sources of Error.-Potential Benefits of Trapped Charge Dating.-Chapter 11 Other Dating Techniques.-Amino Acid Racemization.-Archaeomagnetism.-Obsidian Hydration.-Cation Ratio.-Chapter 12 Provenance Studies.-Chapter 13 Stable Isotope Analysis.-Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis.-Sample Selection.-Factors Affecting d¹³C values.-Summary.-Stable Nitrogen Isotope ratio Analysis.-Sample Selection.-Factors affecting d¹⁵N Values.-Using Linear Mixing Models to Reconstruct Paleodiets.-Stable Strontium Isotope Analyses.-Strontium to Calcium Ratios.-Sample Selection and Processing.-Using Strontium Isotope Ratios to Trace Migrations.-Stable Lead Isotope Analysis.-The Occurrence of Lead in Metal.-The Study of Lead in Body Tissue.- Oxygen Isotope Analysis.-Oxygen Isotope Fractionation.-Sample Selection and Processing.-Chapter 14 Lipid Residues.-Chapter 15 Blood and Protein Analysis.-Protein and Blood.-Screening Techniques.-Microscopy.-Colorimetric Methods of Protein Determination.-Urinalysis Test Strips.-Techniques Used for Species Specific Identifications.-Hemoglobin (Hb) Crystallization.-Using the Immune Response to Identify Proteins.-Detecting the Antibody-Antigen Complex.-The Immune Response in Archaeological Residues.-Survival of Proteins.-Survival of Blood Proteins.-The Question of Reliability.-Cross Reactions and Antibody Selection.-Blind Test Results.-Blood Residues Vs. Faunal Assemblages.-Recent Studies.-Conclusions.-Chapter 16 Ancient DNA and the Polymerase Chain Reaction.-The Preservation of Ancient DNA.-The Polymerase Chain Reaction.-Analysis after Amplification.-Sample Selection.-Extraction.-Selection of DNA Primers.-Challenges Associated with Analyzing Ancient DNA.-Amplification of Poorly Preserved DNA.-Strategies for Managing PCR Inhibitors.-Avoiding Contamination.-Conclusions.-Special Topic: DNA Cloning.-Insertion of Foreign DNA into Cloning Vectors.-Plasmids.-Bacteriophages.- Special Topic: DNA Sequencing.-Part IIi Materials.-Chapter 17 Pottery and other Ceramic Artifacts.-Chapter 18 Flaked and Groundstone Tools.-Chapter 19 Bone and Teeth.-Chapter 20 Cultural Rock-Chapter 21 Food Residues.-Chapter 22 Blood Residues.-Chapter 23 Other Organic Residues.-Chapter 24 Organic Remains.-Chapter 25 Paint, Pigments and Ink.-Chapter 26 Metal.-Chapter 27 Glass.-Chapter 28 Matrix and Environmental Deposits.-Chapter 29 Other Materials.- Part Iv.- Instrumentation.-Chapter 30 Sample Selection and Processing.-Sample Solutions.-Analysis of Solid Samples.-Special Topic: LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.-Chapter 31 Mass Spectrometry.-Ionization.- Techniques for Molecular Mass Analysis.-Electron Impact.-Soft Ionization Techniques.-Techniques used with LC-MS.-Techniques of Atomic Mass Analysis.-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.-Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry.-Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry.-Mass Analysis.-Magnetic Sector.-Quadrupole.-Ion Trap.-Time of Flight.- Ion Detection.-Faraday Cup.-Photomultiplier.-Electron Multiplier.-Chapter 32 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis.-Radionuclide Formation and Emissions.-Sample Preparation and Analysis Identification and Quantification of Elements.-Chapter 33 Separation Techniques.-Chromatography.-Thin Layer Chromatography.-High Pressure (or Performance) LiquidChromatography.-Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry.-Gas Chromatography.-Component Separation.-Detectors.-Electrophoresis.-Electrophoresis of Proteins.-Isoelectric Focusing Point.-Separation by Weight.-Chapter 34 Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy.-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.-Sample Atomization.- Light Sources.-Detection.-Advantages and Disadvantages.-Optical Emission Spectroscopy.-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy.-ICP with Mass Spectrometry.-Chapter 35 Optical Spectroscopy.-Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy.-Instrumentation.-Infrared Spectroscopy.-Sample Preparation and Instrumentation.-Fourier Transform IR Spectrometers.-Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.-Raman Spectroscopy.-Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy.-Chapter 36 Resonance Spectroscopy.-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.-Instrumentation and Sample Analysis.-Proton NMR Spectra.-Chemical Shift.-Spin-Spin (or Signal) Splitting.-Carbon-13 NMR.-Fourier Transformation.-Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy.-Instrumentation.-Analysis of the ESR Signal.-Chapter 37 X-ray and Particle Induced Emission Techniques.-X-rays and X-radiography.- X-ray Diffraction.-Diffraction of X-rays by Crystalline.- Materials.-Sample Analysis.-X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry.-Sample Preparation.-Instrumentation.-Proton/Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE).-Sample Preparation.-Surface Characterization Techniques.-Surface Characterization.-Scanning Electron Microscopy with ED XRF.-Sample Requirements.-Electron Microprobe.-Sample Requirements.-Chapter 38 Elemental Analysis.-Instrumentation.-Data Analysis.-Chapter 39 Mössbauer Spectroscopy.-Instrumentation.-Sample Requirements.- Data Interpretation.-Glossary.-References.-