Learning, Speech, and the Complex Effects of Punishment: Essays Honoring George J. Wischner

1 Introduction.- What This Book Is About.- Wischner s Career.- Wischner s Doctoral Students.- The San Antonio Symposium.- 2 Biological Contributions to the Study of Learning.- Prologue.- Background.- The Biological Analysis of Behavior.- Summary of Points and Issues.- Postlogue.- References.- 3 Cognitive Strategies in the Discrimination Learning of Young Children.- Some Background on Hypothesis Testing in Young Children.- The Blank-Trial Probe.- The Introtact Probe.- Some Considerations in the Study of Hypothesis Testing in Kindergarten Children.- Implications of the Early Research.- Pilot Research in the Authors Laboratory.- Estimates of Dimensional Fixation in Kindergarten Children.- Demonstrations of Cognitive Strategies in Younger Children.- The Use of the Story-and-Game Context.- The Use of Pretraining and Unidimensional Tasks.- Some Extensions and Limitations of the Methodology.- Some Factors Affecting the Solution of Discrimination Problems.- The Interaction of Age and Probe.- The Story-and-Game Context.- Some Molar Factors Influencing Cognitive Strategies.- The Influence of Task Complexity.- Discussion and Summary.- Summary of Research Findings.- Implications for Further Research.- Implications for Theoretical Formulations.- References.- 4 Learning Sets: The Pittsburgh Studies.- Definition and General Procedures.- Theory.- LS and Species Differences.- LS and Child Development.- LS and Mental Retardation.- The Kaufman and Peterson Studies.- The Pittsburgh Studies by Wischner and His Associates.- Bowes (1959).- Hall.- Patterson.- Hall.- Gerben.- Routh and Wischner.- Bowes (1962).- Wischner, Braun, and Patton.- Wischner and O Donnell.- deHaan and Wischner.- Hall.- Gerben.- Colletti.- Filicki.- Conclusions and Implications.- References.- 5 Feedback and Motor Control in Stuttering.- Feedback.- Feedback Disruptions in Normal Speakers.- Feedback Processes in Stuttering.- Perceptual Processes in Stutterers.- Feedback Disruptions in Stutterers.- Summary of Feedback Studies.- Motor Control.- Initiation of Voicing.- Physiological Analysis of Laryngeal Movement.- Coordination of Speech Structures.- Summary of Physiological Studies.- Conclusion.- References.- 6 Facilitating Stimulus Effects of Reward and Punishment: Discriminability as a General Principle.- History of Research on Shock-Right Facilitation.- The Muenzinger Wischner Controversy.- Wischner and Fowler s Systematic Reassessment.- Resolution of the Correction Noncorrection Controversy.- The Shock-Right Paradigm as an Experimental Assay.- Variables Affecting Discrimination Difficulty.- Food Reward as a Distinctive Cue.- Discriminability Modulated by Reward.- Reinforcement by a Neutral Cue.- Elaboration of the Discriminability Process.- Generality of a Distinctive-Cue Effect.- Formalization of the Discriminability Principle.- Some Applications to Related Phenomena.- References.- 7 The Clinical Uses of Punishment: Bane or Boon?.- Punishment as a Technique to Be Avoided.- Some Personally Unsettling Research Findings.- New Discoveries and Theoretical Advances Concerning Punishment and Aversive Stimulation.- Abuses and Uses of Punishment with Children.- Punishment as a Child-Rearing Technique.- Controversy over the Use of Electric Shock with Children.- Treatment of Self-Injurious Behavior.- Treatment of Ruminative Vomiting.- Use of Time-Out.- Overcorrection.- Treatment of Bed-Wetting.- Some Clinical Uses of Punishment with Adults.- Alcoholism.- Deviant Sexual Behavior.- Obesity.- Smoking.- Stuttering.- Punishment and Information Processing.- Research with Animals.- Research with Humans.- Research with Punishment and Information Processing in Clinical Populations.- Conclusion.- References.- 8 Intellectual Progeny of Seashore and Spence: Iowa Psychologists.- The Guttman Scale of Eminence.- Overall Descriptive Information.- Early History of the Iowa Psychology Department.- Information on Individual Eminent Graduates.- Seashore s Students.- Ruckmick s Students.- Knight s Best-K