Evaluating Ethical Frameworks for the Assessment of Human Cognitive Enhancement Applications

Introduction.- Ethical tools as vehicles for practical, ethical dialogue.- Ethical concerns: cognitive enhancing drugs and noninvasive brain stimulation.- Methodology.- Cognitive enhancing drugs.- Risk and efficacy.- Authenticity and naturalness.- Fairness and personal achievement.- Distributive justice.- Coercion.- Noninvasive brain stimulation.- Ethical issues specific to transcranial direct current stimulation.- Further arguments in favour of cognitive enhancement.- Frameworks relevant for assessing HCE applications.- Principle based ethics.- The ethical matrix.- The ETICA framework.- Anticipatory ethics for emerging technologies.- Ethical Technology Assessment.- Ethical Constructive Technology Assessment.- Ethical Impact Assessment.- The adequacy of the frameworks for ethical assessment of HCE applications.- Principle based ethics.- The ethical matrix.- The ETICA framework.- Anticipatory ethics for emerging technologies.- Ethical Technology Assessment.- Ethical Constructive Technology Assessment.- Ethical Impact Assessment.- Summary.- Some final reflections.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- References.