The Philosophy of Affordances

1 Introduction

1.1 A meaningful world of promises and threats

1.2 Why a book on affordances?

1.3 Plan of the book

2 Ecological psychology

2.1 The main commitments of the ecological approach

2.2 Against behaviorism and cognitivism

2.3 Main concepts

2.3.1 Perception-action continuity

2.3.2 The organism-environment system and the ecological scale

2.3.3 Ecological information, specificity, and direct perception

2.3.4 What ecological information is not

2.3.5 The theory of affordances

2.3.6 Three paradigmatic experimental studies in ecological psychology

2.4 Conclusion

3 The ontology of affordances

3.1 Ecological metaphysics

3.2.1 Dispositionalism: the factualist view

3.2.2 Affordances as dispositions

3.2.3 Problems with the dispositional account of affordances

3.2.5 Affordances as dispositions: A Rylean approach

3.3 Conclusion

4 The normativity of affordances

4.1 The normative character of our unreflective situated behavior

4.2 Affordances as normative relations

4.3 Some problems with the normative account of affordances

4.4 Affordances and normative practices

4.5 Affordances, normativity, and invitations

4.6 Conclusion

5 Towards an ecological approach to agency

5.1 What is agency?

5.2 Articulating the ecological approach to agency

5.3.1 Dynamical systems theory and the control of action

5.3.2 Merleau-Ponty's body schema

5.3.3 The enactive approach to agency

5.4.1 Action systems theory and the dispositional characterization of affordances

5.5 Conclusion

6 Ecological information and perceptual content

6.2 Radical enactivism and the naturalization of content

6.3 Radical enactivism and ecological psychology

6.4 Conclusion

7 New challenges for ecological psychology

7.1 Minimal cognition

7.2 Affordances and sensory substitution

7.3 Sociality and ecological cognition

7.4 The political dimension of affordances

7.5 Conclusion

8 Epilogue

8.1 Evolution, pragmatism, and ecological psychology

8.2 Cognition in the ecological balance

8.3.1 Ecological psychology, phenomenology, and enactivism

8.3.2 A multi-level approach

8.4 Concluding remarks