Gender and Nonverbal Behavior

I. Assessing the Research Findings.- 1. Nonverbal Behavior: Barrier or Agent for Sex Role Change?.- Evidence for Nonverbal Barriers.- Evidence for Nonverbal Supports for Change.- Conclusion.- 2. Gender Patterns in Touching Behavior.- Who Touches Whom? Gender Differences in Patterns and Frequency of Touch.- What Does Touch Mean?.- How Does Touch Feel? Gender Patterns in Reactions to Being Touched.- Understanding Gender Differences in Touch.- Implications for Future Research.- 3. Women and Nonverbal Leadership Cues: When Seeing Is Not Believing.- The Head of the Table: A Nonverbal Leadership Cue.- Leadership and Sex-Role Stereotypes.- Stereotypes and Unconscious Perceptual Bias.- Cues in Conflict: The Head of the Table vs. Sex Role Stereotypes.- Method.- Results.- Discussion.- Summary.- 4. Visual Behavior and Dominance in Women and Men.- Encoding Studies.- Decoding Studies.- General Conclusions and Implications.- 5. Sex Differences in Body Movements and Positions.- Study I: Naive Impressions of Nonverbal Sex Differences.- Study II: Movement Analysis of Sex Differences.- A Comparison of the Technical Nonverbal Observations and the Naive Judgments.- Implications and Applications.- II. Androgyny: Promises and Pitfalls.- 6. Sex-Role Influences in Dyadic Interaction: A Theoretical Model.- Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny: Orientations toward Social Interaction.- A Model of Sex-Role Influences in Dyadic Interaction.- Research Evidence Relevant to the Model.- Additional Derivations and Implications.- 7. Gender Gestures: Sex, Sex-Role, and Nonverbal Communication.- Gender Gestures Are Variable.- The Social Psychology of Gender Gestures.- Issues in Conceptualizing Gender Display.- Evidence Relevant to Gender Display.- 8. Gender, Androgyny, and Conversational Assertiveness.- Gender or Something Else?.- Present Research.- Recommendations.- 9. A Feminist Critique of Androgyny: Toward the Elimination of Gender Attributions for Learned Behavior.- III. The Uncharted Frontiers of Development and Change.- 10. The Development of Sex Differences in Nonverbal Signals: Fallacies, Facts, and Fantasies.- Popular Assumptions about Nonverbal Behaviors.- Developmental Questions.- Overview and Organization of the Chapter.- The Facts: Where Early Sex Differences Occur.- Expressiveness in Infancy and Childhood.- The Development of Interaction.- Summary, Integration, and Conclusions.- 11. The Seven Ages of Woman: A View From American Magazine Advertisements.- Infancy and Childhood.- Adolescence.- Young Adulthood.- Middle Age.- Old Age and Senility.- The Future of Women in Magazine Advertisements.- 12. Nonverbal Behavior and Lesbian/Gay Orientation.- Courtship Patterns.- The Effects of the Feminist Movement on Nonverbal Behavior and Stereotypical Sex Roles.- Suggestions for Research.- 13. Nonverbal Processes in Feminist Therapy.- Origins of Feminist Therapy.- What Is Feminist Therapy?.- Power in Therapy.- Power in Gender.- Change in Clients and Therapists.- Feminist Therapy and Lesbianism.- Questions for Research.- Author Index.