The Nature and Treatment of the Stress Response: A Practical Guide for Clinicians

One The Stress Response and Its Treatment.- 1 What is Stress?.- Defining Stress.- Treating Excessive Stress-Clinical Assumptions.- Plan of the Book.- Two The Nature of the Stress Response.- 2 The Nervous Systems and the Stress Response.- The Organization of the Human Nervous Systems.- to the Stress Response.- The Initiation of the Stress Response-CNS Mechanisms.- Neural Axes-Stress Response via Direct Neural Innervation of End-Organs.- "Fight or Flight" Response-The Neuroendocrine Axis.- Endrocrine Axes and the "General Adaptation Syndrome".- Posterior Pituitary Axis.- Summary-The Stress Response.- 3 From Stress to Disease.- Theoretical Bases for the Development of Stress-Related Diseases.- Lachman's Model.- Sternbach's Model ,.- Gastrointestinal Disorders.- Peptic Ulcers.- Ulcerative Colitis.- Cardiovascular Disorders.- Respiratory Disorders.- Allergy.- Bronchial Asthma.- Hyperventilation.- Musculoskeletal Disorders.- Skin Disorders.- The Immune System.- Psychological Manifestations of the Stress Response.- Summary.- 4 The Measurement of the Stress Response.- Chemical Measurement.- 17-OHCS.- Catecholamines.- Electromyographic Measurement.- Cardiovascular Measurement.- Electrodermal Measurement.- Psychological Measurement.- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).- The Sixteen Personality Factor (16 P-F).- Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TAS).- State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).- Affect Adjective Checklist (AACL).- Subjective Stress Scale (SSS).- Profile of Mood States (POMS).- Law of Initial Value.- Summary.- Three The Treatment of the Stress Response.- 5 Self-Responsibility as a Therapeutic Force.- Human Development and Self-Responsibility.- Philosophical Perspectives on Self-Responsibility.- Self-Responsibility and Excessive Stress.- The Role of Therapeutic Client Education.- The Role of Counseling and Psychotherapy.- Summary.- 6 Dietary Recommendations and the Stress Response.- Summary.- 7 The Pharmacological Treatment of the Stress Response.- Sedative-Hypnotics-An Introductory History.- The Barbiturate Sedative-Hypnotic Agents.- Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics.- The Antianxiety Agents.- The Propanediols.- The Benzodiazepines.- Antihistamines.- Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents.- Tricyclic Antidepressants.- Phenothiazines.- Summary and Conclusions.- 8 The Clinical Use of Relaxation Techniques: General Considerations.- Rationale for the Clinical Use of Relaxation Techniques.- Individual Client Differences in Relaxation.- Clinical Precautions and Undesirable Side Effects.- Loss of Reality Contact.- Drug Reactions.- Panic States.- Premature Freeing of Repressed Ideation.- Excessive Trophotropic States.- Summary.- 9 Meditation.- History of Meditation.- Types of Meditation.- Mechanisms of Action.- Therapeutic Hallmarks to the Supraconscious State.- Research on the Clinical Applications and Effects of Meditation.- How to Implement Meditation.- Preparation for Implementation.- Components within Meditation.- Example Protocol.- Summary.- 10 Neuromuscular Relaxation.- History of Neuromuscular Relaxation.- Mechanisms of Action.- Research on Clinical Applications and Effects of Neuromuscular Relaxation.- How to Implement a Physically Active Form of Neuromuscular Relaxation: Preparation.- How to Implement Neuromuscular Relaxation: Procedure.- The Sequential Steps to Follow for Each Muscle Being Relaxed.- Example Protocol.- Summary.- 11 Voluntary Control of Respiration Patterns in the Reduction of Excessive Stress.- History.- Basic Patterns of Breathing.- Mechanisms of Action.- How to Implement.- Summary.- 12 Biofeedback in the Treatment of the Stress Response.- History.- Biofeedback Modalities.- Electromyographic (EMG) Biofeedback.- Temperature Biofeedback.- Electroencephalographic (EEG) Biofeedback.- Electrodermal (EDR) Biofeedback.- Precautions.- Role of the Therapist.- Summary.- 13 Healthful Expression of the Stress Response through Physical Exercise.- History of Therapeutic Exercise.- Mechanisms of Action.- Researc