Judicial Decision Making, Sentencing Policy, and Numerical Guidance

One A Perspective for a Quantitative Approach to Sentencing Policy and Guidance.- 1 The Task of Describing Sentencing Policy Quantitatively.- The Structure and Nature of the Sentencing Judgment.- Imprecision in the Sentencing Judgment.- Legal Perspectives on the Problem of Imprecision in the Sentencing Judgment.- The Study: Challenge and Constraints.- 2 Approaches to the Development of Detailed Sentencing Statistics and Numerical Guidelines.- Guideline Judgments of the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) in England.- Wilkins's Empirically Based Descriptive Guidelines.- Hogarth's Sentencing Data Base.- Doob's Sentencing Data Base.- Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission's Policy-Based Prescriptive Guidelines.- United States Sentencing Commission's Presumptive Guidelines.- 3 Toward a Model of Judicial Decision Making: An Unproductive Review of Psychological Research.- Atheoretical Approaches to the Study of Sentencing.- Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Sentencing.- The Role of Theory in Sentencing.- Psychological Contributions to the Study of Sentencing: An Overview.- Two An Archival Study of a Legal Model of Judicial Decision Making in Sentencing.- 4 A Legal Model of Judicial Decision Making.- Scaling Culpability.- Primary and Secondary Decisions in the Sentencing Judgment.- The Construction of the Sentencing Statistics.- David Thomas: An Overdue Tribute.- 5 The Data Base and Data Collection.- The Principal Offense.- The Sample of Cases.- Sentences and Orders of the Court.- Data Sources.- Procedure.- The Cross Validation Study.- 6 Offense Characteristics of Burglary.- Violence to the Victims (Nonoffenders).- Organization.- Total Value of the Theft.- Counts of Burglary.- Comparison of the Frequency of the Use of the Categories Across Dimensions.- Supplementary Categories.- Cross-Validation Study.- 7 The Relationship Between Offense Characteristics of Burglary and Sentence.- Validity of the Assumptions Underlying the Use of Groups for Differentiating Offenses Across Premises Types and the Use of Dimensions to Differentiate Offenses Within Premises Types.- Cross Validation Study.- 8 Offender Characteristics and Prior Convictions in Cases of Burglary.- Use of Offender Categories.- Prior Convictions.- Comparison of the Frequency of the Use of the Categories Across the Dimensions of Prior Convictions.- Cross-Validation Study.- 9 The Relationship Between Offender Characteristics of Burglary and Sentence.- The Scoring and Weighting of Prior Convictions.- Offender Characteristics (Excluding Prior Convictions).- Total Mitigation Scores.- Relationship Between Total Mitigation Scores and Type of Premises.- Cross-Validation Study.- 10 The Relationship Between Case (Offense and Offender) Characteristics of Burglary and Sentence.- The Combination of Offense Seriousness and Total Mitigation.- Adjustment of the Case Scores.- Relationship Between Adjusted Case Scores for Burglary and Sentence.- The Sentencing Decision.- The Relationship Between the Type of Premises and the Length of the Effective Sentence.- Cross-Validation Study.- 11 Toward Detailed Sentencing Statistics.- Detailed Sentencing Statistics as an Operational System.- Detailed Sentencing Statistics: Problems and Prospects.- Three Sentencing Policy and Numerical Guidance as a Deliberative Process.- 12 Judicial Input Into the Model of Sentencing.- Decomposed Scaling Procedures.- Holistic Scaling Procedures.- Relative Merits of the Decomposed and Holistic Scaling Procedures.- Overview of the Analysis.- 13 The Validity of the Technique of Fictitious Cases.- The Validity Study.- 14 Multiattribute Utility Measurement and the Model of Judicial Decision Making.- Identification and Operational Definition of the Offense Characteristics Material to Seriousness.- Development of Scales of Relative Seriousness in Relation to Each Offense Factor.- Determination of the Relative Importance of Each Offense Factor in the Assessment of Seriousness.- Calculation of the Overall Seriousness