Neuropsychology of Asians and Asian-Americans: Practical and Theoretical Considerations

Chapter 1 Overview of Issues Related to Serving Asian and Asian American Clients.-1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Cultural Competence.- 1.3 Who are "Asian Americans"?.- 1.4 Cultural variables that influence neuropsychological services.- 1.4.1 Client Characteristics.- 1.4.2 Variables related to tests and test batteries.- 1.5 Conclusions.- 1.6 References.- Chapter 2 Ethical considerations in neuropsychological assessment of Asian heritage clients.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The importance of values in cross-cultural neuropsychology practice.- 2.3 Culturally invariant ethical and moral principles.- 2.4 Internationalization of psychological ethics.- 2.5 Neuropsychology and the Interpreter.- 2.5.1 Use of interpreters.- 2.5.2 Ethical duties of the Interpreter.- 2.6 Some Issues Pertaining to Specific Ethical Standards.- 2.6.1 Competency.- 2.6.2 Informed consent and confidentiality.- 2.6.3 Assessment procedures.- 2.7 Some summary considerations.- 2.8 References.- Chapter 3 Linguistic Factors and Language Assessment of Asians.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Theoretical foundations in linguistic science.- 3.2.1 The Language Acquisition Device (LAD).- 3.2.2 The Critical Period Hypothesis.- 3.2.3 Language and linguistic features defined.- 3.2.4 Native versus non-native languages.- 3.2.5 L1 interference and transfer.- 3.2.6 Interlanguage and fossilization.- 3.3 Features of English that frequently pose problems to L2 speakers.- 3.3.1 Pronunciation: Consonants.- 3.3.2 Pronunciation: Vowels.- 3.3.3 Pronunciation: Supra-segmental phonology.- 3.3.4 Lexicon: Native and borrowed vocabulary.- 3.3.5 Lexicon: Noun characteristics.- 3.3.6 Morpho-syntax: Prepositions.- 3.3.7 Morphosyntax: Subject/verb agreement.- 3.4 Case studies of two Asian languages.- 3.4.1 Case study: Chinese.- 3.4.2 Case Study: Japanese.- 3.5 Testing English proficiency.- 3.6 Asian Englishes.- 3.7 Conclusions.- 3.8 References.- Chapter 4 Society and Acculturation in Asian American Communities.- 4.1 Asian Philosophies and Religions.- 4.1.1 Confucianism.- 4.1.2 Taoism.- 4.1.3 Buddhism.- 4.2 Values, Beliefs, Emotions, and Interpersonal Behaviors of Asians.- 4.2.1 Valuing learning and education.- 4.2.2 Family orientation.- 4.2.3 Interdependency.- 4.2.4 Power distance.- 4.2.5 Face saving.- 4.2.6 Indirectness in communication.- 4.2.7 Avoid going to extremes and moderate emotions.- 4.2.8 Acceptance of contradictions, and mixed emotions.- 4.2.9 Suppression of emotional expression.- 4.3 Holistic thinking and test performance.- 4.4 Response biases.- 4.5 Acculturation.- 4.5.1 Acculturation Theory and Measurement.- 4.5.2 Acculturation Assessment.- 4.6 Conclusions.- 4.7 References.- Chapter 5 Mental Illness from an Asian American Perspective.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Prevalence rate of Mental Illness in Asia.- 5.3 Nosology and the medical model.- 5.4 The role of Eastern philosophies.- 5.5 Morita Therapy.- 5.6 Caveat.- 5.7 References.- Chapter 6 Understanding Differences in Cognition across the Lifespan: Comparing Eastern and Western Cultures.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Developmental Differences in Children and Adolescents.- 6.2.1 Academic Achievement.- 6.2.2 Cognitive Functioning.- 6.2.3 Social Cognition.- 6.2.4 Adaptive Functioning.- 6.2.5 Additional Influences on Culture-Based Differences in Cognitive Development.- 6.3 Differences in Cognition in Mature Adults.- 6.3.1 Academic Achievement.- 6.3.2 Cognitive Functioning.- 6.3.3 Visual Perception.- 6.3.4 Social Cognition.- 6.3.5 Influences Related to Individualism vs. Collectivism.- 6.4 Differences in cognition in older adults.- 6.5 Influence of Acculturation, Language, and Related Factors on Test Performance.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 6.7 References.- Chapter 7 Understanding the Neuroscience of Clients with Asian Heritage. 7.1 Cultural Neuroscience.- 7.2 The Influence of Culture on Psychological Processes.- 7.2.1 Perception.- 7.2.3 Attention.- 7.2.4 Arithmetic.- 7.2.5 Language.- 7.2.6 Independence and Interdependence.- 7.2.7 Emotion and Emotion Regulation.- 7.2.8 Conclusion.- 7.3 Structural and Functional MRI.- 7.3.1 Structural MRI and Ethnicity.- 7.3.2 Functional MRI and Ethnicity.- 7.4 Conclusion.- 7.5 References.- Chapter 8 Clinical Interviewing and Qualitative Assessment with Asian Heritage Clients.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Socio-cultural factors influencing the presentation of Asian Americans.- 8.2.1 Perception of psychological problems and services.- 8.2.2 The collectivist orientation and family system.- 8.2.3 Emphasis on modesty and courtesy.- 8.2.4 Respect for authority.- 8.3 Strategies in working with Asian Americans in neuropsychological interviews and qualitative assessment.- 8.3.1 General objectives in conducting a culturally-sensitive clinical interview and qualitative assessment.- 8.3.2 Assessing the need for a referral and making one when appropriate.- 8.3.3 Thorough briefing of the interpreter, if using one is absolutely necessary.- 8.3.4 Investing an effort in getting information and soliciting support from the family in rehabilitation plans.- 8.3.5 Taking the time to explain the neuropsychological evaluation.- 8.3.6 Working with the role-bound respect for authority.- 8.3.7 Creating an open environment for honest communication while maintaining harmony.- 8.3.8 Differentiating aptitude, opportunities, and cultural expectations in assessing attainment.- 8.3.9 Asking for clarification and cultural education from the patient and the family.- 8.3.10 Prudent adaptation of standardized tests to provide qualitative data.- 8.3.11 Development of a more flexible approach in neuropsychological assessment.- 8.4 Conclusions.- 8.5 Acknowledgement.- 8.6 References.- Chapter 9 Neuropsychological Test Selection with Clients who are Asian.- 9.1 Test Selection Issues for Neuropsychological Assessment.- 9.2 Language.- 9.2.1 Language Proficiency.- 9.2.2 Language Minimized/Nonverbal Tests.- 9.2.3 Adaptation of Existing Tests with Language Loading.- 9.2.4 Use of Interpreters as a Modification.- 9.3 Acculturation.- 9.3.1 Culture Specific Issues.- 9.4 Tests Standardized with or Developed for Asian Populations.- 9.5 Discussion and Conclusion.- 9.6 References.- Chapter 10 What Do We Need to Know before Serving Asian and Asian American Clients?.- 10.1 "Take home" points.- 10.2 Importance of a multimethod approach.- 10.3 Conclusions.- 10.4 References.-