Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems: Forew. by Robert G. Wetzel

1. Determination of Total Lipid, Lipid Classes, and Fatty Acids in Aquatic Samples.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Results and Discussion.- 1.2.1. Sampling and Storage.- 1.2.2. Lipid Extraction.- 1.2.3. Determination of Total Lipid.- 1.2.4. Determination of Lipid Classes.- 1.2.5. Determination of Fatty Acids and Carbon Number Profiles.- 1.3. Conclusion.- References.- 2. Fatty Acids as Trophic and Chemical Markers in Freshwater Ecosystems.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Nomenclature.- 2.3. Characteristics of Fatty Acid Markers for Trophic Studies.- 2.4. Primary Sources and Trophic Transfer of Fatty Acids.- 2.4.1. Fatty Acid Composition of Algae and Cyanobacteria.- 2.4.2. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers of Algae and Cyanobacteria.- 2.4.3. Fatty Acid Composition of Bacteria.- 2.4.4. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers of Bacteria.- 2.4.5. Fatty Acid Markers from Allochthonous Sources.- 2.4.6. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers in Vertebrates.- 2.5. Research Needs.- 2.6. Conclusions.- References.- 3. Irradiance and Lipid Production in Natural Algal Populations.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Metabolism and Reallocation.- 3.2.1. Lipids in Relation to Other Macromolecular Classes.- 3.2.2. Diel Versus Light-Phase Allocation and Synthesis.- 3.2.3. Budgets for Overnight Activity.- 3.2.4. Reallocation Among Lipid Classes.- 3.3. Irradiance and Lipid Synthesis.- 3.3.1. Photosynthetic Parameters.- 3.3.2. Light Saturation Parameter, Ik.- 3.3.3. Production Efficiency Parameter, ?.- 3.3.4. Areal Lipid Production.- 3.3.5. Implications of the Irradiance Response.- 3.4. Conclusions.- 3.5. Research Directions.- References.- 4. Lipids in Freshwater Zooplankton: Selected Ecological and Physiological Aspects.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Usefulness of Areal Energy Reserve Estimates.- 4.3. Time Course of Lipid Deposition/Loss.- 4.4. Lipids as Indices of Stress.- 4.4.1. Ratio of Storage to Membrane Lipids.- 4.4.2. Maternal Lipid Investment.- 4.4.3. Visible Lipid Energy Stores.- 4.4.4. Fatty Acid Composition and Abundance.- 4.5. Ultraviolet Radiation and Zooplankton Lipids.- 4.6. Research Needs and Suggested Future Directions.- 4.6.1. Geographical Disparities.- 4.6.2. Physicochemical Disparities.- 4.6.3. Essential Fatty Acids.- 4.6.4. Effects of Temperature Changes.- 4.6.5. Diapause.- 4.6.6. Lipids as Allelopathic Compounds and Chemical Feeding Deterrents.- 4.7. Conclusions.- References.- 5. Lipid Dietary Dependencies in Zooplankton.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Methods.- 5.2.1. Microparticle Preparation.- 5.2.2. Dietary Supplement Experiments.- 5.2.3. Characterization of the Natural Algal Diet.- 5.2.4. Algal Counting and Autoradiography.- 5.3. Results.- 5.3.1. Supplement Experiments with Natural Populations.- 5.3.2. Lake Waynewood Experiment: October 1989.- 5.3.2.1. Algal Diet.- 5.3.2.2. Response byDaphnia.- 5.4. Discussion.- References.- 6. Seasonal Dynamics of Lipids in Freshwater Benthic Invertebrates.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Results and Discussion.- 6.2.1. Slope and Profundal Zones.- 6.2.1.1. Crustacea: Amphipoda.- 6.2.1.2. Mysidacea.- 6.2.2. Shelf and Nearshore Zones.- 6.2.2.1. Crustacea: Amphipoda.- 6.2.2.2. Annelida: Oligochaeta.- 6.2.2.3. Insecta.- 6.2.2.4. Mollusca: Bivalvia.- 6.3. Research Needs.- 6.4. Conclusions.- References.- 7. Ecological Role of Lipids in the Health and Success of Fish Populations.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Results and Discussion.- 7.2.1. Overwinter Starvation and Survival.- 7.2.2. Energy Allocation Strategies.- 7.2.3. Reproductive Development and Early Life History.- 7.2.4. Lipids and Environmental Stress.- 7.2.4.1. Contaminant Effects.- 7.2.4.2. Thermal Effects.- 7.2.4.3. Other Stressors.- References.- 8. Lipids and Essential Fatty Acids in Aquatic Food Webs: What Can Freshwater Ecologists Learn from Mariculture?.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Results and Discussion.- 8.2.1. Some Important Lipids and Fatty Acids.- 8.2.1.1. Essential Fatty Acids.- 8.2.1.2. Lipid Classes.- 8.2.2. Methodological Considerations.- 8.2.3. Physiological Requirements of