Mechanics

1 Kinematics.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Motion in One Dimension: Velocity and Acceleration.- 1.2.A. Velocity.- 1.2.B. Acceleration.- 1.2.C. Examples of Accelerated Motion.- 1.3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions: Velocity and Acceleration.- 1.3.A. Velocity.- 1.3.B. Acceleration.- 1.3.C. Uniform Circular Motion.- 1.3.D. Projectile Motion.- 1.4 Units and Conversion Factors.- Appendix to Chapter 1: Vectors.- 1.5 References and Supplementary Reading.- 1.6 Problems.- 2 Dynamics.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Newton's First Law: The Law of Inertia.- 2.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion.- 2.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion: The Law of Action and Reaction.- 2.5 The Fundamental Forces of Physics.- 2.5.A. The Gravitational Force.- 2.5.B. Motion of a Satellite or the Moon Around the Earth.- 2.6 Nonfundamental or Derived Forces.- 2.6.A. Contact Forces.- 2.6.B. Drag Forces in Fluids (Liquids and Gases).- 2.7 Newton's Laws Applied to Problems in Dynamics.- 2.7.A. Introduction.- 2.7.B. Illustrative Examples.- (i) Freight Train.- (ii) Block on an Inclined Plane.- (iii) Harmonic Oscillation.- (iv) Spring Gun.- (v) Viscous Damping Force. The Exponential Function.- (vi) Air Drag and Terminal Velocity.- (vii) Damped Oscillation of a Pendulum.- (viii) The Centrifugal Pendulum.- 2.8 References and Supplementary Reading.- 2.9 Problems.- 3 Static Equilibrium and the Forces Acting on Muscles and Bone within the Human Body.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Conditions of Static Equilibrium.- 3.3 Applications of Statics.- 3.3.A. The Board Resting Against a Wall.- 3.3.B. Forces Acting at the Hip Joint.- (i) Elementary Anatomy of the Femur and Hip.- (ii) Calculation of the Force on the Head of the Femur and in the Hip Abductor Muscles.- (iii) Clinical and Anatomical Implications.- (iv) Effect of a Cane on the Forces Acting at the Hip Joint.- 3.3.C. Forces Acting on the Lumbar Vertebrae. Low Back Pain. Disease of Vertebral Discs.- (i) Elementary Anatomy of the Spine, Vertebrae, and Back Muscles.- (ii) Force on the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra on Bending and Lifting.- (iii) Shear Stress in the Lumbo-Sacral Disc with "Sway Back".- 3.3.D. Further Applications. Comments on the Torque Condition for Static Equilibrium.- 3.4 Static Equilibrium of Deformable Bodies: Stress, Strain, and Fracture.- 3.4.A. Introduction.- 3.4.B. Stress and Strain in Tension and Compression, Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus, Failure or Fracture.- 3.4.C. Bending Moment and Curvature of a Beam.- 3.4.D. Differential Equations for Deflection of a Loaded Beam.- 3.4.E. Bending and Breaking of a Beam or a Bone: Application to Fracture of the Tibia.- 3.4.F. Stress and Strain in Shear.- 3.5 Static Equilibrium of Fluids.- 3.5.A. Introduction and Definition of Hydrostatic Pressure.- 3.5.B. Fluid in a Gravitational Field: The Variation of Pressure with Height.- (i) Incompressible Fluid: Pascal's Law: Pressure Units.- (ii) Compressible Fluid: Ideal Gas.- (iii) Buoyant Force on Bodies Immersed in a Fluid.- 3.5.C. Physiologic Effects of Increased Fluid Pressure, Underwater Diving, Postural Effects on Blood Pressure, and Effect of High Acceleration.- (i) Underwater Diving.- (ii) Postural Effects on Blood Pressure.- (iii) Effect of High Acceleration.- 3.5.D. Physiologic Effects of Decrease of Air Pressure. Mountain Sickness; Balloon Ascensions, Physiology of the Storage and Delivery of Oxygen by the Blood.- (i) Mountain Sickness.- (ii) Balloon Ascensions and the Physiological Effects of Decreased Air Pressure.- (iii) Oxygen Storage and Delivery by the Blood, Mountain Sickness, and High-Altitude Anoxia.- (iv) High Altitude Air Travel: Cabin Pressurization.- 3.5.E. Buoyancy and the Measurement of Molecular Weight of Macromolecules.- 3.6 References and Supplementary Reading.- 3.7 Problems.- 4 Momentum.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Momentum and the Dynamics of a System of Many Particles.- 4.3 Motion of the Center of Mass of an Extended Body.- (i) Center of Mass of Two Bodies.- (ii) Center of Mass of a Right Triangle.- (iii) Experimental Det