Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals

Detailed Chapter Contents.- I. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Signals in the Aquatic Environment.- 1 The Molecular Nature of Chemical Stimuli in the Aquatic Environment.- The Identity of Chemical Stimulants of Behavior.- Stimulants of Feeding Behavior.- Deterrents of Feeding Behavior.- Substances Evoking Predator Avoidance and Alarm Responses.- Sex Attractants.- Substances Influencing Habitat Selection by Larvae.- Similarities Between External Chemical Signals and Internal Neuroactive Agents.- Summary.- 2 Distribution of Chemical Stimuli.- General Problem in Chemoreception.- Historic Perspective.- Spatial and Temporal Frequency Filtering.- Aquatic Stimulus Dispersal.- Physical Transport Processes.- Physiological and Behavioral Time Scales of Chemical Sampling.- Diffusion-Dominated Stimulus Dispersal.- "Micropatches".- Oceanic Bacteria and Nutrient Uptake.- Algal Gametes.- Viscous Flow Fields.- Copepod Feeding Current.- Chemoreceptor Organs.- Turbulent Dispersal.- Turbulence and Chemoreception.- Gypsy Moth and Tsetse Fly.- Orientation in Patchy Odor Field.- Oceanic Fine Structure and Pancake Theory of Fish Orientation.- Information Currents.- Lobster Information Currents.- Conclusion and Summary.- 3 Light and Vision in the Aquatic Environment.- Light in the Sea.- Spectral Transmission of Water.- The Scattering of Light.- Surface Refractive Effects.- Radiance Distribution.- Image Transmission.- Photons and Retinal Image.- The Probability of Photon Capture.- The Brightness of Retinal Image.- Integration Area.- Integration Time.- Visual Noise.- Visual Pigments.- Paired Pigment System.- Visual Pigments and Sensitivity.- Visual Pigments and Visual Performance.- Color Vision.- Conclusions.- 4 Hydrodynamic and Acoustic Field Detection.- Spatial Analysis.- Monopole Sources.- Monopole-Field Equations.- Dipole Sources.- Dipole-Field Equations.- Directional Analysis.- Quadrupole and Higher-Order Moments.- Acoustic-Field Detection.- Hydrodynamic-Field Detection.- Source-Localization Algorithms.- Frequency Analysis.- A Frequency-Response Dilemma.- Old Mistakes and New Solutions.- Physics of Lateral-Line and Inner-Ear Sense Organs.- The Macula Neglecta.- The Boundary Layer Revisited.- Summary.- 5 Underwater Sound as a Biological Stimulus.- The Nature of Sound.- Governing Equations.- Plane Waves.- Spherical Waves.- Pressure-Velocity Ratios.- The Microvar.- Adequate Stimulus.- The Nature of the Coupling Between the Otolith and Cilia.- The Response of Hair Cells Without the Otolith.- Directional Cues.- Ambient Noise.- Underwater Sound Propagation.- Reflection.- Scattering.- Refraction.- Shallow Water Propagation.- Differences Between Underwater and Atmospheric Sound.- Summary.- 6 Detection of Weak Electric Fields.- Electric Fields in Natural Waters.- The Discovery of Bioelectric Fields.- The Origin of Bioelectric Fields.- The Representation of Bioelectric Fields.- Environmental Electric Fields.- Fields Induced by the Recipient Animal.- Behavioral Responses to Weak Electric Fields.- A New Sensory Modality Revealed.- Prey Detection, Sensitivity, and Frequency Response.- Orientation to Environmental Fields.- Detection of the Earth's Magnetic Field.- Physics of Peripheral Sensory Apparatus.- Resistivity of the External Medium.- Potential Distribution Within the Animal.- Differential Operation and Common-Mode Rejection.- Physical Properties of Ampullary Canals.- Sensory Transduction and Nerve Coding.- Electroreceptor Mechanisms.- Detection of Temporal Field Characteristics.- Detection of Spatial Field Characteristics.- Sensory Mechanisms and Central Processing.- A Prey-Detection Algorithm.- Central Processing.- Summary.- II. Behavior: Survival Functions and Stimulus Acquisition.- 7 Behavioral Ecology and Sensory Biology.- Discriminating Food from Nonfood Items.- Food: Which Food Types Should be Eaten?.- How to Avoid Being Eaten.- With Whom to Mate?.- Social Relations.- Summary and Conclusions.- 8 Sensory Performance, Behavior, and Ecology