Bioprocess Technology: Kinetics and Reactors

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Biotechnology: A Definition and Overview.- 1.2 Bioprocess Technology.- 2 The Principles of Bioprocess Technology.- 2.1 Empirical Pragmatic Process Development.- 2.1.1 Production Strains.- 2.1.2 Starting Points.- 2.1.3 Different Modes (or Strategies) in Process Development.- 2.1.4 Process Development Without Mathematical Models.- 2.2 Basics of Quantification Methods for Bioprocesses.- 2.2.1 Concepts of a Uniform Nomenclature for Bioprocess Kinetics.- 2.2.2 The Rates of a Bioprocess.- 2.2.3 Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics.- 2.2.4 Productivity, Conversion, and Economics (Profit).- 2.3 Systematic, Empirical Process Development with Mathematical Models.- 2.3.1 An Integrating Strategy-A Basis for Biotechnological Methodology.- 2.3.2 Working Principles of Bioprocess Technology.- 2.4 Mathematical Modeling in Bioprocessing.- 2.4.1 General Remarks.- 2.4.2 Model Building.- 2.4.3 Different Levels and Types of Kinetic Models.- 3 Bioreactors.- 3.1 Overview: Industrial Reactors.- 3.1.1 Microbiological Reactors (Fermenters, Cell Tissue Culture Vessels, and Waste Water Treatment Plants).- 3.1.2 Enzyme Reactors.- 3.1.3 Sterilizers.- 3.2 Systematics of Bioreactors.- 3.2.1 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Systems.- 3.2.2 Mixing Behavior.- 3.3 Quantification Methods.- 3.3.1 Residence Time Distribution (RTD)-Macromixing.- 3.3.2 Micromixing.- 3.3.3 Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR).- 3.3.4 Degree of O2 Utilization, $${\eta _{{O_2}}}$$.- 3.3.5 Degree of Hinterland, Hl.- 3.3.6 Power Consumption, P.- 3.3.7 O2 Efficiency (Economy) $${E_{{O_2}}}$$.- 3.3.8 Heat Transfer Rate, HvTR.- 3.3.9 Characteristic Diameter of Biocatalytic Mass $${\bar d_p}$$.- 3.3.10 Comparison of Process Technology Data for Bioreactors.- 3.3.11 Biological Test Systems.- 3.4 Operational Modes and Bioreactor Concepts.- 3.5 Bioreactor Models.- 3.5.1 Model 1: The Ideal Discontinuous Stirred Tank Reactor (DCSTR).- 3.5.2 Model 2: The Ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) with V = Constant.- 3.5.3 Model 3: The Ideal Semicontinuous Stirred Tank Reactor (SCSTR) with V = Variable.- 3.5.4 Model 4: The Ideal Continuous Plug Flow Reactor (CPFR) or Tubular Reactor.- 3.5.5 Model 5: The Real Plug Flow Reactor CPFR with Dispersion.- 3.5.6 Model 6: The Discontinuous Recycle Reactor (DCRR).- 3.5.7 Model 7: The Continuous Recycle Reactor (CRR).- 3.5.8 Multiple Phase Bioreactor Models.- 3.6 "Perfect Bioreactors" in Bench and Pilot Scale for Process Kinetic Analysis.- 4 Process Kinetic Analysis.- 4.1 Kinetic Analysis in Different Types of Reactors.- 4.2 Regime Analysis-General Concept and Guidelines.- 4.3 Test of Pseudohomogeneity.- 4.4 Parameter Estimation of Kinetic Models with Bioreactors.- 4.4.1 Integral and Differential Reactors.- 4.4.2 Integral and Differential Reactor Data Evaluation Methods.- 4.4.3 Results of Differential and Integral Analysis: Linearization Diagrams.- 4.5 Modeling Heterogeneous Processes.- 4.5.1 External Transport Limitations.- 4.5.2 Internal Transport Limitations.- 4.5.3 Combined Internal and External Transport Limitations.- 4.5.4 Transport Enhancement.- 4.5.5 Concluding Remarks.- 5 Bioprocess Kinetics.- 5.1 Temperature Dependence, k(T), Water Activity, aw, and Enthalpy/Entrophy Compensation.- 5.2 Microkinetic Equations Derived from the Kinetics of Chemical and Enzymatic Reactions.- 5.2.1 The Dynamic Flow Equilibrium Approach to Life Processes.- 5.2.2 Contribution of Enzyme Mechanism to Bioprocess Kinetic Models.- 5.2.3 Contribution of Chemical Kinetic Laws to Bioprocess Kinetic Modeling.- 5.3 Basic Unstructured Kinetic Models of Growth and Substrate Utilization (Homogeneous Rate Equations).- 5.3.1 µ = µ(s): Simple Model Functions of Inhibition-Free Substrate Limitation (Saturation-Type Kinetics).- 5.3.2 µ = µ(x): Influence of Biomass Concentration on Specific Growth Rate.- 5.3.3 µ = µ(t): Extensions of Monod-Type Kinetics to Stationary and Lag Phase.- 5.3.4 Negative Biokinetic Rates-The Case of Microbial Death and Endogenous Metabolism.- 5.3.5 Kine