Energy in Biological Systems

1 Energy and life.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Thermodynamics.- 1.3 Free energy, enthalpy and entropy.- 1.4 The biochemistry of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).- 1.5 Overview.- Answers to exercises.- Questions.- 2 An overview of bioenergetics.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Organization of metabolism.- 2.3 What is catabolism for?.- 2.4 Acquiring energy from the environment.- 2.5 Strategies for generating ATP and NADPH in catabolism.- 2.6 Overview.- Answers to exercises.- Questions.- 3 Electron transport.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Electron transport.- 3.3 Oxidative phosphorylation.- 3.4 Synthesis of ATP.- 3.5 Photosynthesis.- 3.6 The mechanism of ATP synthesis.- 3.7 Overview.- Answers to exercises.- Questions.- 4 The tricarboxylic acid cycle.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 How the cycle was elucidated.- 4.3 Some biochemical details.- 4.4 The TCA cycle in relation to other cellular processes.- 4.5 Overview.- Answers to exercises.- Questions.- 5 Glycolysis.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Early history of the study of glucose metabolism.- 5.3 The Embden-Meyerhof pathway.- 5.4 Biological significance of the glycolytic pathway.- 5.5 Glycogen and other polysaccharides.- 5.6 Other monosaccharides.- 5.7 The pentose phosphate pathway.- 5.8 Overview.- Answers to exercises.- Questions.- 6 Lipids: breakdown of fatty acids; brown fat; ruminant metabolism.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Triacylglycerols as energy reserves.- 6.3 Oxidation of fatty acids.- 6.4 Thermogenesis.- 6.5 Ruminant metabolism.- 6.6 Overview.- Answers to exercises.- Questions.- 7 Amino acid catabolism.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Protein degradation.- 7.3 Removal of nitrogen from amino acids.- 7.4 Essential amino acids.- 7.5 Carbon chain catabolism.- 7.6 Interconversion of amino acids and transamination.- 7.7 Pathways for nitrogen excretion.- 7.8 Biosynthesis of urea.- 7.9 Overview.- Answers to exercises.- Questions.- Answers to questions.