The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals

1. Intruduction.- 1.1. General.- 1.2. Aquatic Mammals as Subjects of Experimental Studies.- 1.3. The Physical Properties of Water as a Sensory Medium.- 1.3.1. Acoustics.- 1.3.2. Optics.- 1.4. Psychophysical Measurement Procedures.- 1.4.1. The Operant Conditioning Method.- 1.4.2. Conditioned Reflex.- 1.4.3. The Statistical Basis for Threshold Evaluation.- 1.4.4. Data-Collection Procedures.- 2. Hearing in Cataceans.- 2.1. Ear Morphology.- 2.1.1. Outer Ear and Middle Ear.- 2.1.2. Inner Ear and Peripheral Neurons.- 2.2. Auditory Evoked Potentials in Cetaceans.- 2.2.1. Intracranial Evoked Potentials.- 2.2.2. Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR).- 2.2.3. Noninvasively Recorded Cortical Evoked Responses.- 2.2.4. Rhythmic Evoked Potentials.- 2.2.5. Contribution of Various Frequency Bands to ABR.- 2.3. Evoked-Potential Procedures in Hearing Measurements.- 2.3.1. ABR Threshold Measurements.- 2.3.2. EFR and RFR Threshold Measurements.- 2.4. Hearing Sensitivity and Frequency Range.- 2.4.1. Psychophysical Data.- 2.4.2. Evoked-Potential Data.- 2.5. Temporal Resolution.- 2.5.1. Psychophysical Studies.- 2.5.2. Dependence of ABR on Stimulus Duration.- 2.5.3. ABR Recovery at Double-Click Stimulation.- 2.5.4. Gap-in-Noise Detection Measurements.- 2.5.5. Derivation of the Temporal Transfer Function of the Auditory System.- 2.5.6. Rhythmic Amplitude-Modulation Test and Modulation Transfer Function.- 2.5.7. Rhythmic Click Test.- 2.6. Frequency Tuning.- 2.6.1. Critical Ratios and Critical Bands.- 2.6.2. Tuning Curves.- 2.6.3. Notch-Noise Masking.- 2.6.4. Frequency-Discrimination Limens.- 2.6.5. Frequency Resolving Power.- 2.7. Sound-Intensity Discrimination.- 2.8. Directional Sensitivity, Spatial, and Binaural Hearing.- 2.8.1. Psychophysical Studies.- 2.8.2. Directional Sensitivity: Evoked-Potential Studies.- 2.8.3. Binaural Hearing: Evoked-Potential Studies.- 2.9. Frequency-Temporal and Frequency-Spatial Interactions.- 2.9.1. Temporal Interaction of Frequency-Colored Sound Pulses.- 2.9.2. Paradoxical Lateral Suppression.- 2.9.3. Interaction of Directional and Frequency Sensitivity.- 2.10. Sound-Conduction Pathways.- 2.11. Central Representation of the Auditory System.- 2.12. Implements to Echolocation.- 2.12.1. Hearing Frequency Range.- 2.12.2. Frequency Tuning and Temporal Resolution.- 2.12.3. Recovery Functions as a Basis of Invariant Perception of Echo Signals.- 2.12.4. Rippled Spectrum Resolution and Echolocation.- 2.12.5. Frequency-Temporal Interactions.- 2.12.6. Spatial Resolution.- 2.13. Summary.- 3. Hearing in Pinnipeds and Sirenians.- 3.1. Hearing in Pinnipeds.- 3.1.1. Ear Anatomy.- 3.1.2. Hearing Sensitivity and Frequency Range.- 3.1.3. Temporal Processing.- 3.1.4. Frequency Tuning.- 3.1.5. Intensity Discrimination.- 3.1.6. Directional Hearing.- 3.1.7. Auditory Representation in the Cerebral Cortex.- 3.1.8. Hearing Adaptation to Amphibious Lifestyle.- 3.2. Hearing in Sirenians.- 3.2.1. Ear Morp1hology.- 3.2.2. Psychophysical Audiogram.- 3.2.3. Evoked-Potential Data.- 3.3. Summary.- 4. Vision in Aquatic Mammals.- 4.1. Vision in Cetaceans.- 4.1.1. Eye Morphology.- 4.1.2. Visual Abilities of Cetaceans: Psychophysical Studies.- 4.1.3. Topographic Distribution of Retinal Ganglion Cells.- 4.1.4. Visual Projections to the Cerebral Cortex.- 4.2. Vision in Pinnipeds.- 4.2.1. Eye Morphology.- 4.2.2. Visual Abilities of Pinnipeds.- 4.2.3. Topographic Distribution of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Retinal Resolution.- 4.2.4. Visual Projections to the Cerebral Cortex.- 4.3. Vision in Sirenians.- 4.3.1. Eye Anatomy and Retinal Structure.- 4.3.2. Psychophysical Studies.- 4.3.3. Topographic Distribution of Ganglion Cells and Retinal Resolution.- 4.4. Summary.- 5. Somatic Sense in Aquatic Mammals.- 5.1. Somatic Sense in Cetaceans.- 5.2. Somatic Sense in Pinnipeds.- 5.2.1. Morphological and Psychophysical Data.- 5.2.2. Somatosensory Projections to the Cerebral Cortex.- 5.2.2. Tactile Sensitivity of Vibrissae.- 5.3. Summary.- References.