Airway Smooth Muscle in Health and Disease

1 Structure of Airway Smooth Muscle and Its Innervation.- I. Nerve Supply to Trachea and Bronchi.- II. Structure of the Musculature.- III. Nerve-Mediated Responses.- IV. Distribution of Intramuscular Nerves.- V. Histochemical Types of Nerve Fibers.- VI. Density of Innervation.- VII. Types of Nerve Endings.- VIII. Neuromuscular Junctions.- IX. Smooth Muscle Cells.- X. Gap Junctions.- XI. References.- 2 Integration of Neural Inputs in Peripheral Airway Ganglia.- I. Introduction.- II. Neural Input to Airway Smooth Muscle: How the System Is Wired.- III. Basic Properties of Peripheral Airway Ganglia.- IV. Circuitry of Ferret Paratracheal Ganglion Neurons.- V. Integration and Modulation of Neural Inputs.- A. Peripheral Airway Ganglia.- B. Neuromuscular Junction.- VI. References.- 3 Nervous Receptors in the Tracheobronchial Tree: Airway Smooth Muscle Reflexes.- I. Introduction.- II. Pulmonary Stretch Receptors.- A. Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle.- B. Other Reflex Actions.- III. Rapidly Adapting (Irritant) Receptors.- A. Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle.- B. Other Reflex Actions.- IV. C-Fiber Receptors.- A. Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle.- B. Other Reflex Actions.- V. Local (Axon) Reflex Actions.- VI. Neuroepithelial Bodies.- VII. Other Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle.- A. Reflexes from the Upper Respiratory Tract.- B. Bronchomotor Reflexes from Other Sites.- VIII. Motor Pathways to Tracheobronchial Smooth Muscle.- IX. References.- 4 Polypeptide-Containing Neurons and Their Function in Airway Smooth Muscle.- I. Neuropeptides as Physiological Regulators.- II. Autonomic Innervation of Airways: Peptidergic Neurons.- III. Identification, Localization, and Distribution of Peptidergic Neurons.- IV. Families of Neuropeptides.- V. Peptides as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators.- A. When Are Neuropeptides Neurotransmitters?.- B. Neurotransmitter versus Endocrine and Paracrine Secretions.- C. Coexistence of Peptides and Other Neurotransmitters.- D. How Neuropeptides May Influence Respiratory Function.- E. Bronchoactive Peptides.- F. Interactions between Neuropeptides and Classic Neurotransmitters.- VI. Neuropeptide Receptors on Smooth Muscle.- A. VIP and PHI/PHM.- B. Substance P and Other Neurokinins.- C. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide.- VII. Mechanisms of Bronchial Relaxation and Constriction by Neuropeptides.- VIII. Importance of Airway Epithelium in Responses to Bronchoactive Agents.- IX. Neuropeptides as Physiological Regulators of Airway Smooth Muscle Function.- A. VIP.- B. Substance P and Other Neurokinins.- X. Regulating the Regulators: Enzymatic Degradation of Airway Peptides.- XI. Neuropeptides in Airway Disease.- A. VIP in the Pathogenesis of Airway Disease.- B. Neurokinins P and Other Sensory Neuropeptides.- XII. Conclusion.- XIII. References.- 5 Cell-Surface Receptors in Airway Smooth Muscle.- I. Introduction.- II. Indirect Regulation of Airway Smooth Muscle.- III. Airway Receptors and Disease.- IV. Autonomic Receptors.- A. Autonomic Control of Airways.- B. ?-Adrenoceptors.- C. ?-Receptor Subtypes.- D. ?-Receptor Dysfunction in Asthma.- E. ?-Adrenoceptors.- F. ?-Receptor Subtypes.- G. ?-Receptors in Asthma.- H. Cholinergic Receptors.- I. Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes.- V. Neuropeptide Receptors.- A. VIP Receptors.- B. Tachykinin Receptors.- C. Other Neuropeptide Receptors.- VI. Mediator Receptors.- A. Histamine Receptors.- B. Prostanoid Receptors.- C. Leukotriene Receptors.- D. Platelet Activating Factor Receptors.- E. Adenosine Receptors.- F. Bradykinin Receptors.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. References.- 6 Cellular Control Mechanisms in Airway Smooth Muscle.- I. Introduction.- II. Biochemistry of Smooth Muscle Contraction.- III. Physiological Experiments on Myosin Phosphorylation.- IV. Other Possible Regulatory Mechanisms.- V. Cyclic Nucleotide Effects.- VI. Myosin Phosphorylation by Other Protein Kinases.- VII. Myosin Phosphatases.- VIII. Summary.- IX. References.- 7 Transduction and Signaling in Airwa