The Enzymes of Biological Membranes: Volume 2 Biosynthesis and Metabolism

of Volume 2.- 14. Ether-Linked Glycerolipids and Their Bioactive Species: Enzymes and Metabolic Regulation.- I. Introduction.- II. Ether Lipid Precursors.- A. Acyl-CoA Reductase.- B. Acyl-CoA:Dihydroxyacetone-P Acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42).- III. Biosynthesis of Alkyl and Alk-l-enyl (Plasmalogen) Glycerolipids.- A. Alkyldihydroxyacetone-P Synthase.- B. NADPH:Alkyldihydroxyacetone-P Oxidoreductase.- C. NADPH: Alky ldihydroxyacetone Oxidoreductase.- D. ATP: 1 -Alkyl-sn-glycerol Phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.93).- E. ATP:Alkyldihydroxyacetone Phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.84).- F. Acyl- oA:l-Alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-P Acyltransferase (Ec 2.3.1.63).- G. Acyl-CoA:1-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol Acyltransferase.- H. Acyl-CoA:Alkylglycerol Acyltransferase.- I. l-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol.CPD-Choline (or CDP-ethanolamine) Choline(ethanolamine)phosphotransferase.- J. -Alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol:CDP-Choline (or CDP-ethanolamine) Choline(ethanolamine)phosphotransferase.- K. 1 -Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-hosphoethanolamine esaturase (EC 1.14.99.19).- L. Acyl-CoA:l-Radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (or hosphoethanolamine) Acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.25).- M. Ca2+-Dependent Base Exchange Reactions.- IV. Biologically Active Alkyl Phospholipids (Platelet-ActivatingFactor).- A. Acetyl-CoA: l-Alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Acetyltransferase.- B. l-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol:CDP-Choline Cholinephosphotransferase.- C. 1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine Acetylhydrolase.- D. Pte - H4-Dependent Alkyl Monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.5).- V. Catabolism of Alkyl and Alk-l-enyl (Plasmalogen)Glycerolipids 31.- A. NAD+: Fatty Alcohol Oxidoreductase.- B. Pte - H4-Dependent Alkyl Monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.5).- C. Alkenylglycerophosphocholine(ethanolamine)hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.2) Plasmalogenase) 33 - D. Phosphohydrolases.- D. Phosphohydrolases.- E. Lipases.- F. Phospholipases.- VI. Assessment of the Prominence of the Acyl-DHAP and Ether Lipid Pathways in Complex Systems.- VII. Regulation of Ether Lipid Metabolic Pathways.- A. Turnover of Ether-Linked Glycerolipid Species.- B. Ether Lipid Precursors and Alkyl Glycerolipids.- C. Alk-l-enyl Glycerolipids (Plasmalogens).- D. Bioactive Alkyl Phospholipids.- References.- 15. Fatty Acid Synthetases of Eukaryotic Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Fatty Acid Synthetases of Eukaryotes.- A. Animal Fatty Acid Synthetases.- B. Yeast Fatty Acid Synthetase.- III. Component Activities.- A. Acetyl and Malonyl Transacylases.- B. ?-Ketoacyl Synthetase (Condensing Enzyme).- C. (3-Ketoacyl and Enoyl Reductases.- D. ?-Hydroxyacyl Dehydratase.- E. Palmitoyl Thioesterase.- IV. Mechanism of Action of Fatty Acid Synthetase.- A. Animal.- B. Yeast.- References.- 16. Properties and Function of Phosphatidylcholine Transfer Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Phosphatidylcholine Transfer Protein from Bovine Liver.- A. Introductory Remarks.- B. Mode of Action.- C. Molecular Aspects.- D. oncluding Remarks.- III. Phosphatidylcholine Transfer Protein from Rat Liver.- A. Some Characteristics.- B. Levels in Various Tissues.- IV. General Conclusions.- References.- 17. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase and Transport of Fatty Acids.- I. Introduction.- A. Metabolic Fate of Long-Chain Fatty Acids.- B. Role of Carnitine in Fatty Acid Oxidation.- C. Carnitine Acyltransferases.- D. Carnitine Esther Hydrolase.- II. Assays.- A. General Comments.- B. Isotope-Exchange Method.- C. Forward Reaction.- D. Backward Reaction.- III. Mitochondrial Localization.- A. Intracellular Localization 143.- B. Functional Studies in Mitochondria.- C. Mitochondrial Membrane Fractionation.- D. Substrate-Specificity Studies in Mitochondria.- IV. Purification and Characterization of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase.- A. Purified Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase.- B. Relationship of Purified Enzymes to Functional Localization in Mitochondria.- C. Properties of Membrane-Bound Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase.- D. Reversibility of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase B.- V. Carnitine