Subcellular Biochemistry: Volume 9

1 Electron Microscopic in Cellular and Molecular Biology.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Electron Microscope.- 2.1 Signal Formation in Electron Microscopes.- 2.2 Operation Modes and Types of Electron Microscope.- 2.3 Image Formation in Transmission Electron Microscopes.- 2.4 Special Imaging Techniques in Transmission Electron Microscopy.- 2.5 Surface Imaging.- 2.6 Imaging Recording.- 3 Preparation and Analysis-Structural Aspects.- 3.1 Chemical Methods.- 3.2 Phsysical Methods.- 4 Preparation and Analysis-Functional Aspects.- 4.1 Group- and Charge-Specific "Stains" and Enzymatic Digestion.- 4.2 The Electron Microscope.- 4.3 Signal Formation in Electron Microscopes.- 4.4. Immunocytochemistry.- 4.5 Lectin Labeling.- 4.6. Affinity Labeling.- 4.7. Autoradiography.- 4.8. Morphometry.- 4.9. X-Ray Microanalysis.- 4.10. Ion Precipitation.- 5. Molecular Electron Microscopy.- 5.1. General Aspects.- 5.2. Radiation Damage.- 5.3. Preparative Aspects.- 5.4. Instrumental Aspects.- 5.5. Data Analysis (Image Processing).- 6. Units and Conventions.- 7. Perspectives.- References.- 2 Chloroplast Protein Synthesis: Principles and Problems.- 1 Introduction.- 2. Possible Principles Governing Nuclear-Chloroplast Interactions.- 2.1. The First Principle.- 2.2. The Second Principle.- 2.3. The Third Principle.- 2.4. The Fourth Principle.- 2.5. The Fifth Principle.- 3. The Nucleocytoplasmic Origin of the Majority of Chloroplast.- 3.1. Genetic Experiments.- 3.2. In Vitro Protein Synthesis.- 3.3. Use of Selective Inhibitors.- 3.4. Evidence from Heat-Treated Plants.- 4. The Post-Translational Import of Polypeptides into.- 4.1. In Vitro Transport of Cytoplasmically-Synthesized Chloroplast Polypeptides.- 4.2. Features of Post-Translational Polypeptide Transport.- 5. The Essential Contribution of the Chloroplast Genome.- 6. The Confinement of Chloroplast DNA-Encoded Molecules.- 7. The Stimulatory Role of Light.- 7.1. Light Stimulation of Chloroplast Polypeptide Formation.- References.- 3 Thesaurisomes, A Novel Kind of Nucleoprotein Particle.- 1 Introduction.- 2. Discovery of the Thesaurisomes.- 3. Composition of Thesaurisomes.- 3.1. The 7S Particles.- 3.2. The 42S Particles.- 4. Comparison Between the 7S and 42S Particles.- 4.1. The RNA Components.- 4.2. The Protein Components.- 5. Relationship Between RNA and Protein in Thesaurisomes.- 6. Intracellular Location of Thesaurisomes.- 7. Comparison Between Thesaurisomes and Ribosomes.- 8. Relationship Between Thesaurisomes and Ribosomes in the Oocyte.- 9. State of Acylation of tRNA in Thesaurisomesz.- 10. Reconstruction of the Thesaurisomes.- 11. Occurrence and Role of Thesaurisomes.- 12. Thesaurisomes as Objects for Structural Studies.- 4 Platelet Phospholipid Asymmetry and its Significance in Hemostasis.- 1 Introduction.- 2. Aspects of Platelet Structure and Function.- 2.1. Nonactivated Platelets.- 2.2. Activated Platelets.- 3. Membrane Lipid Asymmetry.- 3.1. Methodological Principles.- 3.2. Erythrocytes.- 3.3. Plasma Membranes and Intracellular Membranes.- 3.4. Nonactivated Platelets.- 3.5. Activated Platelets.- 4. Mechanism and Significance of Changes in Membrane Phospholipid Orientation.- 4.1. Possible Mechanisms.- 4.2. Significance for Platelet Hemostatic Activities.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 5 The Diversity of Function and Structure of Cellular Membranes.- 1. The Approach.- 1.1. The New Situation.- 1.2. The Improved Preparatory Techniques.- 1.3. The Analysis of the Observations.- 2. Mitochondria.- 2.1. First Step in Interpretation: Meaning of Pictures.- 2.2. Second Step in Interpretation: Deduction of Molecular Models.- 2.3. Third Step in Interpretation: Some Basic Properties of the Crista Membrane.- 2.4. Fourth Step in Interpretation: Effects of Membrane Environment on Molecular Interactions.- 2.5. Fifth Step in Interpretation: Membrane Structure and Specific Functions.- 2.6. The Two Surface Membranes of Mitochondria.- 3. Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment Disks.- 3.1. Structure.- 3.2. Function.- 4. A Plasma M