Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance

I. Introduction and Description of Surfaces.- 1 Phenomena of Bacterial Adhesion.- 1. The Sessile Mode of Bacterial Growth.- 1.1. Bacterial Glycocalyx in Vivo and in Vitro.- 1.2. Microcolony Formation by Adherent Bacteria.- 1.3. Consortium Formation by Adherent Bacteria.- 1.4. Biofilm Predominance in Aquatic Systems.- 1.5. Physiology of Biofilm Populations.- 1.6. Removal of Biofilms.- 1.7. Control of Biofilm Formation.- 2. Bacterial Adhesion to Inert Medical Prostheses.- 2.1. Biofilm Formation and Structure.- 2.2. Pathogenic Consequences of Biofilm Development.- 2.3. Resistance of Biofilm Populations to Host Defense Factors and to Antibacterial Chemotherapy.- 3. Autochthonous Bacterial Populations in Animal Systems.- 3.1. Bacterial Colonization of Digesta.- 3.2. Bacterial Colonization of Digestive Systems.- 3.3. Autochthonous "Barrier" Populations as a Protection from Disease.- 3.4. Disease Prevention by the Manipulation of Bacterial Barrier Populations.- 4. Pathogenic Bacterial Adhesion in Animal Systems.- 4.1. Bacterial Pili and Surface Proteins as Specific Ligands.- 4.2. Bacterial Glycocalyx as a Ligand and as a Bacterial Defense Mechanism.- 4.3. Role of Bacterial Surface Changes in the Microbial Ecology of Bacterial Infections.- 5. Summary.- References.- 2 Bacterial Cell Walls and Surfaces.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gram-Positive Bacteria.- 2.1. Peptidoglycan.- 2.2. Secondary Cell Wall Polymers.- 2.3. Proteins.- 2.4. Cell Wall-Associated Polymers.- 2.5. Turnover and Environmentally Induced Variation in Cell Wall Polymers.- 3. Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 3.1. The Periplasmic Space.- 3.2. Peptidoglycan.- 3.3. The Outer Cell Membrane.- 3.4. Extracellular Components and Glycocalyx.- 3.5. Turnover and Cell Wall Variation.- 4. Surface Appendages.- 4.1. Flagella.- 4.2. Sex Pili and Fimbriae.- 4.3. Prosthecae.- 5. Probing the Bacterial Cell Surface.- 5.1. Surface Charge of Bacterial Cells.- 5.2. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Properties of Bacterial Cells.- 5.3. Immunoglobulins, Lectins, and Phages as Specific Surface Probes.- 6. Functional Aspects of Bacterial Cell Walls and Surfaces.- References.- 3 Animal Cell Surface Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Constituents.- 2.1. Lipids.- 2.2. Proteins and Glycoproteins.- 3. Organization of Cell Membrane Constituents.- 3.1. Integral Membrane Constituents.- 3.2. Peripheral Membrane Components.- 3.3. Glycoproteins of the Cell Coat.- 4. Cell Surface Receptors.- 4.1. General Concepts.- 4.2. Binding Studies.- 4.3. Expression of Receptors on Cell Surfaces.- 4.4. Characterization of Cell Surface Receptors.- 4.5. Animal Cell Surface Receptors in Bacterial Adhesion.- References.- 4 Characteristics of Plant Surfaces.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Material Common to All Epidermal Cell Walls: The Primary Cell Wall.- 2.1. Microfibrillar Phase.- 2.2. Matrix Phase.- 2.3. Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins.- 2.4. Interpolymeric Linkages.- 3. Superficial Coverings of Plants.- 3.1. Mucilages.- 3.2. Cutins.- 3.3. Suberin-Complex.- 3.4. Waxes.- 4. Plant Defense: Polymers Synthesized in Response to Damage.- 4.1. Preformed Defensive Components.- 4.2. Postformed Defensive Components.- 5. Summary.- References.- 5 The Properties of Nonbiological Surfaces and Their Characterization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surface Energy and Contact Angle.- 2.1. Theoretical Treatments of Thermodynamic Parameters.- 2.2. Techniques.- 3. Electrokinetic Properties and Measurements.- 3.1. Zeta Potentials.- 3.2. Surface Charge Densities.- 3.3. Streaming Measurements.- 3.4. Conducting Solids and Liquids.- 3.5. Surface Films.- 4. Surface Chemical Analysis.- 5. Adsorption and Contamination.- 6. Overview.- References.- II. Mechanisms of Adhesion.- 6 Mechanisms of Bacterial Adhesion at Solid-Water Interfaces.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transport of Bacteria to Surfaces.- 2.1. Conditions in the Aqueous Phase.- 2.2. Transport Mechanisms.- 3. Reversible Adhesion.- 3.1. Long-Range Forces.- 3.2. Some Consequences of Reversible Adhesion.- 4. Irreversible Adhesion