Integrated Pest Management

'I The Origins of Integrated Pest Management Concepts for Agricultural Crops.- Evolution of Pest Control Practices.- Early Advocates of an Ecological Approach to Pest Control.- Early Pest Management for the Cotton Boll Weevil.- Shift to Dependence on Chemicals and to a Lesser Extent on Resistant Varieties.- Initial Impact of Organic Pesticides.- Return to Ecological Approaches in Pest Control.- The Modern Integrated Pest Management Approach.- Literature Cited.- II Integrating Economics and Pest Management.- Farm Strategy.- Regional Strategies.- Conclusions.- Literature Cited.- III Implementing Pest Management Programs: An International Perspective.- Situation and Outlook.- Needs for Development of Effective Pest Management.- The Situation at the National Level.- The Situation at the International Level.- Some Future Challenges.- IV Pest Management: Principles and Philosophy.- Traditional Crop Protection Procedures.- Pest Management.- Tactics in Pest Management.- Strategies in Pest Management.- Implementation of Pest Management.- Limitations of Pest Management.- Summary and Conclusion.- Literature Cited.- V Pest Management in Ecological Perspective.- Pest Problems: Their Nature and Causes.- Pest Problems: Their Possible Solutions.- Literature Cited.- VI The Agroecosystem: A Simplified Plant Community.- The Quality of Management.- The Simplified Plant Community.- The Diversification Principle.- Inadequate Supply of Biological Nitrogen.- Root Health: Prerequisite to Plant Productivity.- Literature Cited.- VII Tobacco Pest Management.- Disease and Insect Control Subsystems.- Some Basic Considerations.- Action Programs in Tobacco Pest Management.- Management of Insect Pests.- Management for Control of Flue-Cured Tobacco Diseases.- Integration of Insect and Disease Management.- Seeking a Practical Level of Sophistication.- Literature Cited.- VIII Systems Approach to Cotton Insect Pest Management.- Systems Approach to Increased Cotton Efficiency.- The Argument for the Systems Approach.- The Cotton Ecosystem.- Modeling the Cotton Ecosystem.- Cotton Plant-Insect Pest Interactions.- Cotton Crop Growth Models.- Dispersal and Pheromone Drift Models.- Uses of Models and Systems Analysis in Decision Making.- Conclusions.- Literature Cited.- IX Pest Management on Deciduous Fruits: Multidisciplinary Aspects.- Pest Management in Humid Areas.- Nonchemical Pest Control Methods.- More Efficient Use of Pesticides.- New Pesticide Uses.- Strategies for Pest Management in New York on Apples.- Pest Management in Semiarid Areas.- Literature Cited.- X Integrated Forest Pest Management: A Silvicultural Necessity.- The Forest as a Dynamic Ecosystem.- The Forest as a Renewable Resource for Humans.- Forest Pest Management Systems.- Basic Components.- Steps in the Development of an Adequate Pest Management System.- Current Practices and Future Needs.- The Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forest.- The Southern Pine Forest.- The Northeastern Hardwood Forest.- Summary and Recommendations.- Literature Cited.- XI Progress, Problems, and Prospects for Integrated Pest Management.- Implementation Status of Integrated Pest Management in the United States.- A Multi-Institutional IPM Research Project Entitled "The Principles, Strategies, and Tactics of Pest Population Regulation and Control in Major Crop Ecosystems".- Pilot Pest Management Research Program of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS)-USDA.- Pilot Pest Management Implementation Projects (Extension).- IPM Programs Through the State Agricultural Experiment Stations.- Pest Management Curricula in the Land-Grant Universities.- Implementation Status of Integrated Pest Management Programs Outside the United States.- Programs of the International Organization for Biological Control in Western Europe.- Program of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.- The Pest Management and Related Environmental