The Bile Acids, Chemistry, Physiology, and Metabolism: Volume 2: Physiology and Metabolism

1 Mechanisms of Bile Acid Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Formation of Cholic Acid.- A. Changes in Steroid Nucleus.- B. Oxidation of Side Chain.- III. Formation of Chenodeoxycholic Acid.- IV. Formation of Other Primary Bile Acids.- V. Conjugation of Bile Acids.- VI. Regulation of Bile Acid Formation.- VII. Formation of Bile Salts in "Primitive" Animals.- A. Changes in Steroid Nucleus.- B. Oxidation of Side Chain.- References.- 2 Bile Salt Transport Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. Active Transport in the Intestine.- III. Passive Proximal Intestinal Absorption of Bile Salts.- IV. Passive Absorption of Bile Salts in the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract.- V. The Transport of Bile Salts in the Liver.- VI. Renal Transport of Bile Salts.- References.- 3 Bile Salt Metabolism in Man.- I. Introduction.- II. Primary Bile Salts in Man.- III. Pathways for Primary Bile Salt Formation in Man.- IV. Synthesis Rates.- V. Maximum Synthesis Rates.- VI. Relative Synthesis Rates in Liver Disease.- VII. Formation of Secondary Bile Acids in Man.- VIII. Amino Acid Conjugates.- IX. Sulfate Esters.- X. Altered Bile Salt Metabolism with Hepatobiliary Disorders.- XI. Disease Groups.- XII. Portal Cirrhosis.- XIII. Bile Duct Obstruction.- XIV. Hepatitis.- XV. Alcoholic Liver Injury.- XVI. Drug-Induced Jaundice.- XVII. Bile Salts and Pruritus.- XVIII. Pruritus and Pregnancy.- XIX. Lithocholic Acid and Liver Injury.- XX. Dissociated Jaundice.- XXI. Conjugation in Hepatobiliary Disorders.- XXII. Stagnant Loop Syndrome.- XXIII. Bile Salts and Target Cells.- XXIV. Excretion in Urine and Feces.- XXV. Feces.- XXVI. Enteroliths.- XXVII. Therapeutic Agents in Bile Salts.- XXVIII. Anion Exchange Resins.- XXIX. Antibiotics.- References.- 4 Newer Aspects of Bile Salt Metabolism in Intestinal Disease.- I. General Considerations of Experimental Methods Used in These Clinical Investigations.- II. Studies of Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Salts in Patients with Diseases Primarily Involving the Distal Small Intestine.- A. Quantitative Changes in Recirculating Bile Salts.- B. Qualitative Changes in Recirculating Bile Salts.- III. Studies of Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Salts in Patients with Diseases Primarily Involving the Proximal Small Intestine.- A. Nontropical Sprue and Whipple's Disease.- B. Altered Intestinal Microflora, "Blind-Loop" Syndrome.- References.- 5 Bile Acids and the Intestinal Absorption of Fat and Electrolytes in Health and Disease.- I. Introduction.- A. Occurrence of Bile Acids in Vertebrates.- B. The Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids.- C. Influence of Conjugation.- D. Bacteria-Bile Acid Relationships.- II. Transport Function of Bile Acids During Fat Digestion and Absorption.- A. Behavior of Individual Lipolytic Products in Water.- B. Behavior of Individual Lipolytic Products in Bile Acid Solutions.- C. Behavior of Mixtures of All Lipolytic Products.- D. Lipid Digestion and Absorption.- E. Other Effects of Bile Acids.- F. Disturbances in Fat Digestion.- G. The Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids.- III. Influence of Bile Acids on Water and Electrolyte Transport in the Intestinal Tract 147.- A. The Stomach.- B. The Small Intestine.- C. The Large Intestine.- References.- 6 Experimental Cholelithiasis.- I. Introduction.- A. Background.- B. Composition of Human Gallstones.- C. Stages in Gallstone Formation.- II. Stasis and Infection.- A. History.- B. Pathophysiology.- III. Cholesterol Stones.- A. Hamsters.- B. Mice.- C. Rabbits.- D. Guinea Pigs.- E. Dogs.- F. Miscellaneous.- IV. Calcium Stones.- A. Carbonate and Bilirubinate Stones.- B. Cholanate Stones.- V. Vitamin A Deficiency.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Clinical Implications of Bile Acid Metabolism in Man.- I. Introduction.- II. Synthesis of Primary Bile Acids.- III. Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids.- IV. Quantitation of Bile Acid Metabolism.- A. Determination of Fecal Bile Acids.- B. Fecal Excretion of Administered Isotopic Bile Acids.- C. Isotope Dilution.- D. Measure