Introduction to Ethology

'1 Aims, Methods, and Areas of Ethology.- 1.1. Definitions of Concepts.- 1.2. Descriptive Ethology.- 1.3. Experimental Ethology.- 1.4. Areas of Ethological Research.- 2 Basic Ethological Concepts.- 2.1. Reflexes.- 2.2. Threshold Changes.- 2.3. Specific Fatigue.- 2.3.1. Action-Specific Fatigue.- 2.3.2. Stimulus-Specific Fatigue.- 2.4. Appetitive Behavior and Consummatory Acts.- 2.5. Spontaneity of Behavior.- 2.6. Motivation.- 2.7. Motivational Analysis.- 2.8. Motivational Systems: "Drives".- 3 External Stimuli.- 3.1. Stimulus Filtering.- 3.1.1. Peripheral Filtering.- 3.1.2. Central Filtering.- 3.2. Releasing Mechanisms.- 3.3. Key Stimuli.- 3.4. Releasers.- 3.5. Interspecific Releasers.- 3.6. Stimulus Summation.- 3.7. Supernormal Releasers.- 3.8. Differential Effects of External Stimuli.- 3.9. Dependence upon External Stimuli.- 3.9.1. Inherited Movement Coordinations (Fixed Action Patterns).- 3.9.2. Taxis Components.- 4 Temporal and Hierarchical Organization of Behavior.- 4.1. Categorization of Behavior Patterns.- 4.2. Conflict Behavior.- 4.2.1. Ambivalent Behavior.- 4.2.2. Redirected Behavior.- 4.2.3. Displacement Behavior.- 4.3. Models of Instinctive Behavioral Organization.- 5 Behavioral Physiology.- 5.1. The Nervous System and Behavior.- 5.1.1. Methods.- 5.1.2. Results.- 5.2. Hormones and Behavior.- 5.2.1. Methods.- 5.2.2. Influences of Hormones.- 5.2.3. Effects of Hormones.- 5.2.4. Hormone Release Controlled by Behavior.- 6 Ontogeny of Behavior.- 6.1. Inborn or Acquired?.- 6.1.1. Sources of Information.- 6.1.2. Recognition of Inborn Behavior Patterns.- 6.1.3. What Is Inborn?.- 6.2. Maturation of Behavior Patterns.- 7 Learning.- 7.1. The Biological Significance of Individually Acquired Information.- 7.2. Sensitive Phases in Learning.- 7.3. Learning Predispositions.- 7.4. Learning Processes.- 7.4.1. Habituation.- 7.4.2. Classical Conditioning.- 7.4.3. Instrumental Conditioning.- 7.4.4. Play Behavior.- 7.4.5. Imitation, Social Facilitation.- 7.4.6. Insight Learning.- 7.4.7. Imprinting.- 7.5. Behavioral Traditions.- 7.6. Tool Using.- 8 Social Behavior.- 8.1. Fighting Behavior.- 8.1.1. Definition.- 8.1.2. Biological Significance.- 8.1.3. Threat and Intimidation Displays.- 8.1.4. Submission and Appeasement Gestures.- 8.1.5. Territoriality.- 8.1.6. Individual Distance.- 8.1.7. Ritualized Fights.- 8.1.8. Damaging Fights and Killing of Conspecifics.- 8.1.9. Motivational Aspects.- 8.2. Sexual Behavior.- 8.2.1. Biological Significance.- 8.2.2. Function of Sexual Behavior.- 8.2.3. Pair-Bonding Behavior.- 8.2.4. Forms of Heterosexual Bonds.- 8.2.5. Mechanisms of Maintaining Bonds.- 8.2.6. Motivational Aspects.- 8.3. Behavior in Care of Young.- 8.3.1. Functions in Care of Young.- 8.3.2. Formation of Families.- 8.3.3. Behavioral Adaptations with Respect to Care of Young.- 8.4. Behavior of Groups.- 8.4.1. Biological Function of Social Groups.- 8.4.2. Social Structure.- 8.4.3. Altruism.- 8.4.4. Types of Groups.- 8.4.5. Origin of Groups.- 8.4.6. Mechanisms of Group Formation.- 8.4.7. Motivational Aspects.- 9 Behavior Genetics.- 9.1. Methods.- 9.2. Behavior of Hybrids.- 9.3. Crossbreeding Experiments.- 9.4. Conclusions.- 10 Phylogenetic Development of Behavior.- 10.1. Methods.- 10.2. Problems of Homology.- 10.3. Species Comparisons.- 10.4. Studies in the Ontogeny of Behavior.- 10.5. Behavioral Rudiments.- 10.6. Ritualization.- 10.7. Convergence of Behavior Patterns.- 10.8. Conclusions.- 11 Influence of Domestication on Behavior.- 11.1. Problems of Definition.- 11.2. Characteristics of Domestication.- 11.2.1. Changes in the Readiness to Act.- 11.2.2. Changes in Innate Releasing Mechanisms.- 11.3. Causes of Changes during Domestication.- 11.4. Conclusions.- 12 Ethology and Psychology.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Level of Comparison.- 12.3. Application.- 12.3.1. Animal Experiments as a Model.- 12.3.2. Research in Human Ethology.- 12.4. Phylogenetic