The Molecular Structure of Amino Acids: Determination by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

Properties and Classification of Amino Acids.- I. Crystal Structures of Aliphatic Amino Acids.- 1. Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids.- Glycine (Aminoacetic Acid).- Alanine (?-Aminopropionic Acid).- Valine (?-Aminoisovalerianic Acid).- Leucine (?-Aminoisocaproic Acid).- Isoleucine (?-Amino-?-Methylvalerianic Acid).- Norleucine (?-Aminocaproic Acid).- 2. Hydroxymonoaminomonocarboxylic Acids.- Serine (?-Amino-?-Hydroxypropionic Acid).- Threonine (?-Amino-?- Hydroxybutyric Acid).- 3. Monoaminodicarboxylic Acids.- Aspartic Acid (?-Aminosuccinic Acid).- Glutamic Acid (?-Aminoglutaric Acid).- 4. Amides of Monoaminodicarboxylic Acid).- Asparagine (?-Amide of a-Aminosuccinic Acid).- Glutamine (?-Amide of ?-Aminoglutaric Acid).- 5. Diaminomonocarboxylic Acids.- Arginine (?-Amino-?-Guanidinovalerianic Acid).- Lysine (?,?-Diaminocaproic Acid).- 6. Sulfur Amino Acids.- Cysteine (?-Amino-?-Mercaptopropionic Acid).- Cystine (?,?-Dithiodi-?-Aminopropionic Acid).- Methionine (?-Amino-?-Methylthiobutyric Acid).- II. Crystal Structures of Aromatic and Heterocyclic Amino Acids.- 7. Aromatic Amino Acids.- Phenylalanine (?-Amino-?-Phenylpropionic Acid).- Tyrosine (?-Amino-?-Hydroxyphenylpropionic Acid).- 8. Heterocyclic Amino Acids.- Tryptophan [?-Amino-?-(3-Indolyl)propionic Acid].- Histidine (?-Amino-?-Imidazopropionic Acid).- Proline (?-Pyrrolidine-2-Carboxylic Acid).- Hydroxyproline (4-Hydroxypyrrolidine-2-Carboxylic Acid).- III. General Relations of Molecular Structure to Packing in Crystal Structures for Amino Acids.- 9. Molecular Structures of Amino Acids.- 10. Packing of Amino Acid Molecules in Crystals and Hydrogen Bonds.- Literature Cited.