Invertebrate Learning: Volume 1 Protozoans Through Annelids

of Volume 1.- 1 Invertebrate Learning and Behavior Taxonomies.- I. Prologue to "Learning".- A. Inadequacy of Contemporary Theories of Learning.- B. Toward a Definition of Learning.- II. Basic Behavior Modifications.- A. Habituation (Nonassociative Response Decrement).- B. Sensitization and Pseudoconditioning (Nonassociative Response Increments).- C. Punishment.- D. Classical Conditioning and Associated Phenomena.- E. Instrumental Learning.- F. Other Major Learning Phenomena.- G. Critical Parameters in Behavior Modification.- III. Perspectives on the Comparative Analysis of Learning.- A. Snarks and Boojums.- B. Simple System Research.- References.- 2 Protozoa.- I. Introduction.- II. General Characteristics.- A. Habitat.- B. Cell Surface and Associated Organelles.- C. Cell Inclusions.- D. Respiration.- E. Digestion and Nutrition.- F. Reproduction.- G. Protective Devices.- III. Phylogeny and Taxonomy.- A. Classification of Protozoa.- B. Protistan Characteristics and Evolution of Protozoans.- C. Metazoan Origins?.- IV. Protozoan Specializations Relevant to Behavioral Research.- A. General Phylogenetic Advances and Limitations.- B. Reproduction in Paramecia.- C. Behavior and Ciliary Mechanisms.- D. Amoeboid Movement.- V. Learning Studies.- A. Habituation.- B. Associative Conditioning.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Behavioral Modifications in Coelenterates.- I. Introduction.- II. Coelenterate Nervous Systems.- III. Coelenterate Behavioral Physiology.- A. Conducting Systems.- B. Pacemaker Activity.- C. Nonnervous Conduction.- IV. Behavioral Modifications in Coelenterates.- A. Simple Behavioral Responses.- B. Studies of the Physiological Bases of Habituation in Hydra.- C. Complex Behavioral Responses.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Platyhelminthes: The Turbellarians.- I. Introduction.- II. General Characteristics.- A. Cell Characteristics.- B. Respiration.- C. Digestion.- D. Reproduction.- E. Movement.- F. Receptors.- III. Phylogeny and Taxonomy.- A. Phylum Platyhelminthes.- B. Evolution.- IV. Specializations Relevant to Behavioral Research.- A. Summary of General Phylogenetic Advances.- B. Regeneration.- C. Cannibalism.- D. Receptor Properties.- E. Slime.- F. Galvanotaxis and Shock Responses.- V. Learning Studies.- A. The Planarian Controversy-A Last Look.- B. Categories of Learning.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Behavior Modification in Annelids.- I. Introduction.- II. Taxonomy and Phylogeny.- A. Class Polychaeta.- B. Class Oligochaeta.- C. Class Hirudinea.- III. Special Annelid Characteristics Relevant to Behavior.- A. Sensory Capacities.- B. Nervous System.- IV. Reflexes, Coordinations, and Orientations.- V. Habituation.- A. Class Oligochaeta.- B. Class Polychaeta (Sedentary).- C. Class Polychaeta (Errant).- D. Class Hirudinea.- E. Neurophysiological Factors in Habituation of Reflexive Responses in Annelids.- F. Biological Significance of Habituation of the Rapid Withdrawal Reflex.- G. Conclusions Regarding Habituation in Annelida.- VI. Sensitization.- A. Class Oligochaeta.- B. Class Polychaeta (Sedentary).- C. Class Polychaeta (Errant).- D. Class Hirudinea.- E. Neurophysiological Basis of Sensitization.- F. Biological Significance of Sensitization.- VII. Aversive Inhibitory Conditioning (Punishment).- A. Class Oligochaeta.- B. Class Polychaeta (Errant).- C. Neurophysiological Basis of Aversive Inhibitory Conditioning.- D. Biological Significance of Aversive Inhibitory Conditioning.- VIII. Classical Conditioning.- A. Class Oligochaeta.- B. Class Polychaeta (Sedentary and Errant).- C. Hirudinea.- D. Neurophysiological Factors in Classical Conditioning.- E. Biological Significance of Conditioning.- IX. Instrumental Conditioning.- A. Class Oligochaeta.- B. Class Polychaeta (Errant).- C. Sedentary Polychaetes and Hirudinea.- D. Neurophysiological Factors in Instrumental Conditioning.- E. Biological Significance of Instrumental Conditioning.- X. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research.- References.