Anxiety Disorders: Psychological and Biological Perspectives

'Section I: Classification and Nosology.- Proposed Revisions in the DSM-III Classification of Anxiety Disorders Based on Research and Clinical Experience.- Background.- Overview of the DSM-III Anxiety Disorders.- Phobic Disorders.- Anxiety States.- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders.- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).- Problems and Proposed Solutions for Defining the Disorders.- Hierarchic Structure of the Classification.- Problems Defining the Individual Disorders.- Agoraphobia.- Agoraphobia without Panic Attacks.- Social Phobia.- Simple Phobia.- Panic Disorder.- Generalized Anxiety Disorder.- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.- Anxiety Syndromes Due to Known Organic Factors.- Conclusion.- References.- Appendix: Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for the Anxiety Disorders Section of DSM-III-R.- Anxiety Disorders.- Panic Disorder.- Limited Sympton Attacks with Phobic Avoidance (Agoraphobia Without Panic Attacks).- Social Phobia.- Simple Phobia.- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.- Generalized Anxiety Disorder.- Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS).- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.- The Differentiation of Anxiety and Depressive Syndromes.- Differentiation of Anxiety from Depression at the Symptom Level.- Distinction Between Anxiety and Depressive Disorders.- Epidemiology of Anxiety and Affective Disorders.- Anxiety and Depression as Separate Disorders.- Factor Analytic Studies.- Anxiety and Depression as Part of a Single Disorder.- Life Events, Anxiety and Depression.- Conclusions.- References.- Section 2: Basic Science Studies of Anxiety.- The Neurobiology of Anxiety: A Tale of Two Systems.- The Benzodiazepine Receptor and Anxiety.- Molecular Perspective.- From Pharmacology to Pathophysiology.- Anatomic Perspective.- The Biology of Anxiety - Clinical Perspective.- Panic Disorder.- Genetic Factors and Panic Disorder.- Panic Disorder and Mitral Valve Prolapse.- Pharmacology of Panic Disorders.- A Noradrenergic Hypothesis of Panic Disorder.- Summary.- References.- The Psychophysiology of Anxiety and Hedonic Affect: Motivational Specificity.- A Theory of Motivation.- Gray's Model.- Implications of Psychophysiology.- Further Research on Motivation and Psychophysiology.- Heart Rate.- Electrodermal Activity.- State and Trait Anxiety.- References.- Anxiety and Memory.- Do Emotions Cue Memories?.- Is Emotional Memory a Semantic Network?.- What Responses Cue Pleasant and Unpleasant Memories?.- Is Arousal a Cue for Memory Retrieval?.- Does Emotional Excitation Transfer from One Emotional State to Another?.- The Information Taxonomy of Emotional Memory.- Response Information.- Stimulus and Meaning Information.- An Information Processing View of Fear and Anxiety.- Imagery, Emotion and Action.- Matching Concepts in Memory.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Section 3: Psychological Treatment.- A Psychological Model of Panic.- What is Panic.- Are Panic Attacks Limited to Panic Disorder or Agoraphobia with Panic?.- Phenomenology of Panic Attacks.- Is There a Difference Between Predictable and Unpredictable Panic?.- Treatment Implications.- Conclusions.- References.- Cognitive Approaches to Anxiety Disorders.- Legacies from the Past.- Flight-Freeze-Faint Axis.- Prolongation of Juvenile Patterns.- The "Internal Saboteur".- The Mechanisms of Anxiety.- Subjective Anxiety as a "Danger Signal".- The Appraisal of Vulnerability.- The Vicious Cycles.- The Anxiety Disorders and Vulnerabilities.- Panic Disorders.- Agoraphobia.- Simple Phobias.- Susceptibility to Anxiety Disorders.- Treatment of Anxiety Disorders.- Cognitive Analysis and Therapy.- Hypothesis Testing.- Cognitive Restructuring.- Automatic Thoughts.- Reality Testing.- Hypothesis Testing.- Dysfunctional Attitudes.- Exposure Therapy.- Controlled Studies of Anxiety.- Summary.- References.- Exposure-Based Treatments for Anxiety Disorders.- Selection of Anxiety Di