Clinical Data Analysis on a Pocket Calculator: Understanding the Scientific Methods of Statistical R

Preface

I Continuous Outcome Data                                                                                                                     

1 Data Spread, Standard Deviations               

2 Data Summaries: Histograms, Wide and Narrow Gaussian Curves     

3 Null-Hypothesis Testing with Graphs

4 Null-Hypothesis Testing with the T-table   

5 One-Sample Continuous Data (One-Sample T-Test, One-Sample Wilcoxon  

6 Paired Continuous Data (Paired T-Test, Two-Sample Wilcoxon Signed RankTest)

8 Linear Regression (Regression Coefficients, Correlation Coefficients,and their  Standard Errors)

9 Kendall-Tau Regression for Ordinal Data  

10 Paired Continuous Data, Analysis with Help of CorrelationCoefficients         

11 Power Equations           

12 Sample Size Calculations            

14 Equivalence Testing instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing      

15 Noninferiority Testing instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing      

16 Superiority Testing instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing

17 Missing Data Imputation            

18 Bonferroni  Adjustments             

20 Paired Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)     

21 Variability Analysis for One or Two Samples             

22 Variability Analysis for Three or More Samples     

23 Confounding 

24 Propensity Score and Propensity Score Matching for MultipleConfounders      

25 Interaction        

27 Robust Tests for Imperfect Data               

28 Non-linear Modeling on a Pocket Calculator          

29 Fuzzy Modeling for Imprecise and Incomplete Data            

30 Bhattacharya Modeling for Unmasking Hidden Gaussian Curves    

31 Item Response Modeling instead of Classical Linear Analysis of Questionnaires           

33 Goodness of Fit Tests for Identifying Nonnormal Data        

34 Non-Parametric Tests for Three or More Samples (Friedman andKruskal-Wallis)         

II Binary Outcome Data

    Test   

36 Z-Tests            

37 Phi Tests for Nominal Data        

38 Chi-Square Tests           

39 Fisher Exact Tests Convenient for Small Samples 

40 Confounding 

42 Chi-square Tests for Large Cross-Tabs    

43 Logarithmic Transformations, a Great Help to Statistical Analyses  

44 Odds Ratios, a Short-Cut for Analyzing Cross-Tabs             

45 Logodds, the Basis of Logistic Regression               

46 Log Likelihood Ratio Tests for the Best Precision  

48 McNemar Tests for Paired Cross-Tabs     

49 McNemar Odds Ratios

50 Power Equations           

51 Sample Size Calculations                            

52 Accuracy Assessments

54 Unmasking Fudged Data            

55 Markov Modeling for Predictions outside the Range of Observations               

56 Binary Partitioning with CART (Classification and Regression Tree)Methods               

57 Meta-Analysis               

58 Physicians' Daily Life and the Scientific Method   

60 Cochran Tests for Large Paired Cross-Tabs            

Index