Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Part I. General

Chapter 1. Santiago Sanchez-Ramirez. Methods in biogeography (of mycorrhiza) [all spatial and temporal scales]. This review gives an overview of the traditional and recently developed methods used, including both historical biogeography, phylogeography, comparative phylogenetics and network analysis. The examples are mostly given based on plants and fungi. Most importantly, this review provides suggestions about modern biogeographic data analysis, identifies promising methods not yet applied in plant and fungal biogeography, and identifies methodological requirements for improved understanding of biogeography.

 Chapter 2. Lucie Vincenot et al. Population ecology in mycorrhizal fungi. This chapter gives an overview about population structure and gene flow. It also addresses genet size and geographic as well as host-related differentiation among fungal populations. Where possible, it also addresses the differences in host and mycobiont genetic structure.

 Chapter 3. Ian Dickie. Assembly of mycorrhizal symbioses [fine/landscape/regional scales]. This chapter represents a synthesis about the general structure of plant-fungus mycorrhiza system, with a focus on both natural and anthropogenic ecosystems.

 Chapter 4. Nhu Nguyen et al. co-evolution and co-dispersal in mycorrhizal systems. This chapter represents an overview of co-evolutionary trajectories and co-dispersal events between plants and fungi. Added is a phylogeographic/coevolutionary metastudy about the associations of the genus Suillus (Boletales) and conifers (Pinaceae family). This chapter also addresses potential mechanisms driving specificity. Uncertain about contribution.

 Part II. Biogeography of fungi

Chapter 5. Tom Horton et al. Spore dispersal in mycorrhizal fungi [fine/landscape/regional scales]. This review addresses the means of propagule dispersal in mycorrhizal fungi and gives a brief overview about that of plants. Spore dispersal on establishment play a key role in dispersal limitation as well as long-distance dispersal events.

 Chapter 6. Laura Bogar & Kabir Peay. Fine-scale structure of roots and fungal communities [fine spatial scale]. This chapter gives an overview about fine-scale patterns in soil and addresses the importance of dispersal limitation in fungi as well as competition among plant roots and fungi.

 Chapter 7. Joszef Geml. Altitudinal gradients in mycorrhizal symbiosis [landscape/regional scales]. This chapter represents a review + metastudy about the importance of climatic gradients in shaping the distribution of mycorrhizal types and diversity of both partners.

 Chapter 8. Tom Bruns. Endemicity in fungi [regional/continental/global scales]. This metastudy/synthesis takes advantage of accumulated sequence data about the distribution of fungi and addresses the uniqueness of fungi from regional to continental scales. It also addresses challenges about estimating the levels of endemicity.

 Chapter 9. Kathleen Treseder. Biogeography of arbuscular mycorrhiza [all spatiotemporal scales]. This chapter reviews the biogeographic patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and addresses the competitive advantages of AM plants in certain climatic and soil conditions.

 Chapter 10. Hans Jacquemyn. Biogeography of orchid mycorrhiza [all spatiotemporal scales]. This chapter reviews the biogeographic patterns of orchid mycorrhizal fungi and addresses the competitive advantages of different orchid mycorrhizal fungal families in ecosystems. It also addresses symbiont-driven and propagule-driven dispersal limitation.

 Chapter 11. Petr Kohout et al. Biogeography of ericoid mycorrhiza [all spatiotemporal scales]. This chapter reviews the biogeographic patterns of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and plants and addresses the competitive advantages of ericoid mycorrhizal plants in highly organic acidic soil conditions.

 Chapter 12. Ari Jumpponen et al. Biogeography of root endophytes. This chapter overviews the distribution of root endophytes in fine spatial scales and compiles information about the global distribution of certain endophytic taxa.

Part III. Phylogeography of fungi

 Chapter 13. Todd Osmundson et al. Phylogeographic patterns of the boletes (Boletineae). An overview and phylogeographic case study about the global distribution patterns of species and genera within Boletineae. It also provides an overview of the recent taxonomic reconstructions.

 Chapter 14. Tine Grebenc et al. Phylogeographic patterns of the truffles (Tuber). A GenBank-based phylogeographic metastudy about the global distribution patterns of species within the genus Tuber.

 Chapter 15. Franz Oberwinkler et al. Phylogeographic patterns of the Tulasnellaceae family (Cantharellales). An overview and phylogeographic case study about the global distribution patterns of species and genera within Tulasnellaceae, the most important group of orchid mycorrhizal symbionts.

 Chapter 16. Andrew Wilson et al. Phylogeographic patterns of the ectomycorrhizal genus Laccaria. A phylogeographic metastudy about the global distribution patterns of species within the genus Laccaria. A more detailed focus on Australia, the potential radiation center for this group.

 Chapter 17. Keisuke Obase et al. Phylogeographic patterns of Cenococcum (Gloniales). A phylogeographic metastudy about the global distribution patterns of species of Cenococcum, the most widespread complex of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Revisiting the definition of species for this asexual group. Overview about fine and large scale distribution of this group and host associations.

 Chapter 18. Lu-Min Vaario et al. Population structure and biogeography of the Japanese gourmet fungus matsutake. Review of population- and community level findings of Tricholoma matsutake and closely related species.

 Part IV. Biogeography of mycorrhizal plants.

Chapter 19. Mark Brundrett. Distribution of mycorrhiza types and other specialised roots in Australia. A continental scale review and metastudy on the climate- and soil-driven distribution of mycorrhizal types, nodulated plants and non-mycorrhizal, specialized nutrient acquisition strategies. Spatial kriging and co-kriging maps are provided.

 Chapter 20. Leho Tedersoo, Mark Brundrett. Biogeography of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in plants. Global-scale overview of the diversity and distribution of ectomycorrhizal plant lineages.

 Chapter 21. Mark Brundrett, Leho Tedersoo. Global distribution of mycorrhiza types. An overview about the distribution of mycorrhiza types in different ecosystems of the world.

 Chapter 22. Nadia Soudzilovskaia et al. Global trends in root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. A metaanalysis of case studies concluding the drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal root colonization from fine scale to global scale.

 Chapter 23. Jordan Mayor. Distribution of mycorrhiza-mediated soil functions. An overview of the landscape to global scale distribution of mycorrhizal types. Synthesis what determines these distribution patterns and how these changes feed back to soil and plants. Overview of selection and competition related to limitation of nutrients.

 Part V. Synthesis

Chapter 24. Leho Tedersoo et al. Biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis across scales.

This review gives a broad overview about the main findings in the chapters and briefly addresses topics that are intentionally or accidentally (uncovered due to not meeting deadlines) excluded from the book. It also addresses gaps in the knowledge and puts the biogeography of plants and fungi into a wider perspective across narrow and wide spatial as well as temporal scales.