Mutualisms and Insect Conservation

Part 1. The Meaning and Dynamics of Mutualisms

1 The Scope and Meaning of Mutualisms

1.1 Introduction

References

2 Mechanisms and Maintenance

2.2 Stability and Integration of Mutualisms

2.3 Wider Community Stability

References

Part 2. Lessons from Classic Mutualisms

3 Classic Themes: Pollination Mutualisms of Insects and Plants

             3.1 Introduction: Pollination Systems

             3.2 Obligate Pollination Mutualisms

                           3.2.1 Figs and Fig-wasps

                           3.2.3 Other Examples

             3.3 Nursery Pollination

             3.4 Broader Perspective

             References

4 Classic Themes: Ants, Plants and Fungi

             4.1 Introduction to Ant-Plant Interactions

             4.2 Extrafloral Nectaries

             4.3 Food Bodies and Domatia

4.4 Ant Epiphytes                      

4.5 Ant Gardens

4.6 Myrmecocochory

4.7 Ants, Plants and Fungi

References

5 Classic Themes: Ants and Other Insects. Hemiptera

5.1 Introduction: Trophobiotic Associations

             5.2 Ant-Hemiptera Mutualisms

             References

6 Classic Themes: Ants and Other Insects. Lepidoptera

             6.1 Introduction: Ants and Lycaenid Butterflies

             6.2 Myrmecophily

             References

7 Classic Themes: Other Insect Mutualisms

             7.1 Introduction: the Remaining Variety

             7.2 Termites and Fungi

             7.3 Beetles and Fungi

             7.4 Mullerian Mimicry

             References

Part 3. Environmental Impacts and Insect Conservation: Lessons from Mutualisms

8 Impacts of Alien Invasive Species

             8.1 Introduction

             8.2 Impacts on Mutualisms

             References

9 Exploiters of Mutualisms

             9.1 Introduction: the Roles of Additional Species

             9.2 Exploiters and Cheaters

             9.3 Protection from Over-exploitation

             9.4 Changed Communities

             9.5 Nectar and Pollen Robbers

             9.6 Defences against Exploitation

             References

10 Habitat Losses and Conservation of Mutualisms

             10.1 Introduction: Mutualisms in Practical Conservation

             10.2 Mutualisms and Disturbance

             10.3 Community Contexts

10.4 Fragmentation and Loss of Habitats

             10.5 Climate change

             10.6 Re-Introductions

             10.7 Prospects

             References