Lake Restoration Handbook: A New Zealand Perspective

Chapter 9: Control of invasive aquatic animals - Ian Duggan & Kevin Collier

 Handling editor: David Hamilton

Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords)

Inventories and distributions

·         Zooplankton and other microinvertebrates

·         Macroinvertebrates

·         Fish and Amphibians

Food-web implications

·         Field Observations

·         Manipulative experiments - e.g., Karori

Review of control techniques

·         Specific methods for removal and control of fauna

Case studies

·         Lake Ohinewai

Future Prospects

·         Future technologies for controlling animals

·         Global warming

·         Future invasion risks

Proposed international feature box contributors:

·         9.1 Hugh McIsaac -

·         9.2 Chris Wisniewski - Carp eradication in Lakes Crescent and Sorrell

·         9.3 R Claramont - Managing invasive fish in the Laurentian Great Lakes; "Darwin's Dreampond" or Nightmare?

Chapter 10: Restoring native fish communities - David Rowe, J Boubee, D West, B Hicks -

Handling editor: Kevin Collier

Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords)

Manipulating connectivity

·         Overcoming barriers to migration

·         Creating barriers to restore natives through preventing recolonization by salmonids

Habitat improvement

·         Protection of smelt spawning habitat in Taupo

·         Improvement of water quality in Lake Rotoiti has improved trout habitat and is increasing smelt abundance

·         Removal of macrophytes in Lake Waingata increased dwarf inanga

Control of invasive species

·         Perch reduction increased common bullies in Taieri lakes (Gerry Closs)

·         Perch reduction in Karori Reservoir (Wgtn) and Lake Wainamu (Auck) will restore native fish

·         Trout removal increased recruitment of dwarf inanga in Lake Waikere

Stocking

·         Historic Maori stocking

·         Elvers stocked into reservoirs and ponds by eel fishers

·         Smelt and bullies restocked into Parkinson lake after rotenone removal of all fish

Monitoring the success of fish restoration measures in lakes

·         Electric fishing boat use (Brendan Hicks)

·         Monitoring migrations in inlet/outlet streams

Future prospects

Proposed international feature box contributors:

·         10.1 Martin Søndergaard - Experience from Danish lake restorations

·         Eric Jeppesen - Aquatic food webs

·         John Magnuson - Fisheries restoration - a North American perspective

E.     MONITORING AND INDICATORS

Chapter 11: Indicators of ecological integrity - Marc Schallenberg, Mary de Winton, Dave Kelly

Handling editor: John Quinn

Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords)

Ecological integrity (EI) in the context of indicators of freshwater quality and "health" ("hard" vs normative indicators)

Comparison of definitions of EI

A NZ definition of lake EI (i.e. values) and a framework for its implementation

Reference condition and other EI restoration endpoints

Key indicators of Lake EI

Suggested EI guidelines for deep lakes, shallow lakes and brackish lakes

Special considerations relevant to lake restoration

The place of EI in current lake management policy

Future prospects

Proposed international feature box contributors:

·         11.1 Jonathan Abell - Techniques to derive reference conditions in lakes

·         11.2 Sandra Poikane - Assessing ecological conditions of lakes across Europe -

Chapter 12: Biodiversity Genomics: Monitoring Restoration Efforts with Environmental DNA - Ian Hogg, Jonathan Banks

Handling editor: Kevin Collier

Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords)

Introduction

·         Outline problem

·         Morphological identifications

·         Benefits to streamlining/simplifying process

Genetic characterisation of lake inhabitants

·         The process and the need to build an adequate library

·         Genetic markers - COI, 28S

·         What is meant by environmental DNA?

·         Examples of work in NZ

Community-level analyses

Assessing invertebrate communities using DNA analyses

·         Zoo case study

Assessing lake trophic status using DNA from rotifers

·         Trophic Level Index

Assessing the presence of fish using environmental DNA

·         Brown trout and in Karori

·         Koi carp work elsewhere

Future prospects

·         Changing technology

·         Emerging platforms

Proposed international feature box contributors:

·         12.1 Chris Jerde - Environmental DNA applications in the Laurentian Great Lakes: From targeted species surveillance to biodiversity monitoring

·         Dianne Gleeson - Sensitivity of DNA based detection for aquatic restoration applications

Chapter 13: Remote monitoring techniques - Chris McBride, Mat Allan, David Hamilton

Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams

Abstract (^east 5 keywords)

·         Sensors (WQ & meteorology): Commercial, open source

·         Telemetry: types of telemetry, web interfaces.

·         'Big data': Processing techniques, open source software.

·         Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)

Remote sensing

·         Remote sensing theory

·         Atmospheric correction

·         Algorithms: inferring WQ from spectral images

·         Medium resolution satellite applications

·         High-resolution satellite applications

Future prospects

·         Low cost/open source hardware and software

·         Miniaturisation

·         Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

·         Wireless sensors and mesh networks

·         Data mining

Proposed international feature box contributors:

·         Paul Hanson - Engaging the science community in lake monitoring with sensors

F.     SOCIAL, CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC CONTEXT

Chapter 14: Indigenous values and management - Erica Williams, Erina Watene-Rawiri, Ian Kusabs

Handling editor: John Quinn

Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords)

Introduction

·         Drivers for the recognition of indigenous values in NZ lake restoration and management                

·         Treaty Settlements,

·         NZ cultural landscape, rights and interests of Maori in relation to lakes

Maori values, uses and practises associated with lakes

·         Kaitiakitanga

·         Taniwha, kai species, recreation, rongoa, birds, waka, geothermal resources, spiritual, tapu/rituals, pepeha, islands, sense of place and identity, intergenerational interactions Examples of how lakes and lake fisheries aspects are covered in Treaty Settlements, legislation, implementation

·         Liberation of beneficial species to lakes.

·         "Lakes" importance in whanau/hapu/iwi/Maori economy

Pressures

·         Degradation and loss of Maori values associated with pressures on lakes

·         Loss of access/ecological connectivity/habitat, contamination/discharges, nutrients, wastewater

·         The view of some Maori that hydro lakes do not replace the original river

·         Contaminants - sediment, sewage and legacy issues?

·         Introduced pest species - aquatic weeds and fish etc.

·         Co-benefits? Examples of "new" (artificial) lakes / man-made

Maori aspirations for lake restoration & management

·         As expressed in Treaty evidence, Iwi Plans, statutory planning documents

·         Examples of Maori/Iwi-led and collaborative/statutory-led management

·         Maori-owned / Maori-co-managed lakes

Restoration

·         Restoration techniques for enhancement of Maori values associated with lakes

·         Applied examples - "Maori in action"

Lessons learned

·         Key messages for international indigenous communities

·         Towards a cultural index for lakes

Future prospects

Proposed international feature box contributors:

·         Vanessa Copa Torrez - (TBC)

·         14.2 Jinwon Seo - Protecting and restoring Indian fisheries

Chapter 15: Implementing lake restoration - Andy Bruere, Warwick Silvester, Andy Woolhouse

Handling editor: David Hamilton

Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords)

Introduction: Developing a plan of action

Lake/catchment history - defining the problem

·         What do we know, Outlining the problem, Understanding lake and catchment history, What is the need for action?, Evidence from surrounding lakes, Community expectations, Legal requirements, Identify success and convert to targets (sustainable load), Identify sources of nutrient inputs

Community awareness, interest and buy-in

Implementation leadership and roles in restoration

Options for development of the Plan for Action - What do we already know and understand and how do we fill the knowledge gaps?

·         Clarifying what we know and what we don't know, Technical support, Identifying knowledge gaps, Identify and evaluating options, Add up expected gains from selected options, What is the cost/who bears?, Recognise nutrient reductions may have different values, Agree action plan with community and stakeholders

Implementing the Plan for Action - The Plan for Action must have clear Goals, Actions and Responsibilities

·         Goals, Actions and priorities, Responsibilities, Monitoring progress, Review of implementation, Review Plan for Action with community and stakeholders

Legislation and legal matters - How does the legislation affect restoration efforts?

·         The RMA, NPSFW, LGA

Future prospects

Proposed feature box contributors:

·         Suzie Kerr (TBC)

·         Ned Norton (TBC)

Chapter 16: Linking citizen science with community environmental restoration: empowering/engaging volunteers to measure lake ecosystem health - Monica Peters, David Hamilton, Chris Eames

Handling editor: Kevin Collier

Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords)

Introduction

·         Brief summary of FW lakes and their decline in health

·         FW policy and management

·         Outline of key contrasts to US - reference to Feature Boxes

What is Citizen Science?

·         Summary of concept, activities, outcomes

·         Citsci directions in NZ

·         Short para on study from where data in chapter are derived from

·         Summary of key lake, margin and catchment activities

·         Development of toolkits and their use following MfE EPI program in mid-90s

·         Challenges around toolkit use

·         Opportunities around tech; groups' interest in using more technology

·         Data quality

Framework for developing and supporting a community environmental monitoring program

Proposed international feature box contributors:

·         Kathie Weathers - Lake Sunapee Protective Association

·         16.2 Mark Hoyer - Lakewatch program a successful long-term community monitoring program

G.    CONCLUSION

Chapter 17: Lake restoration - the future - Clive Howard-Williams, David Hamilton, John Quinn, Kevin Collier

Proposed feature box contributors:

·         Vera Power - The policy and regulatory context for restoration