Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance: Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions

1. Background
1.1 DRINKING WATER - GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF SUFFICIENT/OPTIMUM
INTAKE FOR GOOD HEALTH
1.2 EARLY AND RECENT DISCOVERIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF MINERALS FROM LOCALLY CULTIVATED CROPS AND DRINKING WATER
1.3 SHORT HISTORY OF HEALTH RESORTS. WELLS WITH DIFFERENT MINERAL OR GAS CONTENTS, POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACTS.
1.4 ELEMENTS IN BEDROCK AND THE INFLUENCE ON WATER
1.4.1 THE BEDROCK
1.4.2 WEATHERING
1.4.3 SELECTED ELEMENTS IN BEDROCK OF IMPORTANCE IN GROUNDWATER
1.4.3.1 ARSENIC
1.4.3.2 FLUORIDE
1.4.3.3 CADMIUM
1.4.3.4 URANIUM
1.4.3.5 COPPER, ZINC, LEAD
1.4.3.6 CHROMIUM
1.4.3.7 SELENIUM
1.4.4 WHERE TO FIND DATA?
1.5 MINERALS AND MINERAL RATIOS IN THE HUMAN BODY
1.6 OSMOTIC AND PH BALANCE IN THE HUMAN BODY
2. Mineral composition of drinking water and daily uptake 2.1 THE CONDUCTIVITY REFLECTS THE IONIC CONTENT, MINERALS AND TOXIC IONS OF WATER
2.2 DRINKING WATER AS A SOURCE OF MINERALS
2.3 MINERALS FROM DRINKING WATER -CONTRIBUTION TO THE DAILY INTAKE
3. Macro minerals at optimum concentrations - protection against diseases
3.1 HARD, ALKALINE WATER AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS AT OPTIMUM
CONCENTRATIONS
3.2. SOME MACRO MINERALS IN HARD, ALKALINE WATER
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION TO MACRO ELEMENTS
3.2.2 CALCIUM
3.2.3 MAGNESIUM
3.2.4 BICARBONATE
3.2.5 POTASSIUM
3.2.6 SODIUM
3.2.7 SULFATE
4. Micro minerals at optimum concentrations - protection against diseases
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO TRACE ELEMENTS
4.2 TRACE ELEMENTS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER
4.2.1 BORON
4.2.2 CHLORIDE
4.2.3.1 CHROMIUM (III)
4.2.3.2 CHROMIUM (VI)
4.2.4 COBALT
4.2.5 COPPER
4.2.6 FLUORIDE
4.2.7 IODINE
4.2.8 IRON
4.2.9 LITHIUM
4.2.10 MANGANESE (II)
4.2.11 MOLYBDENUM
4.2.12 NICKEL
4.2.13 PHOSPHATE
4.2.14 RUBIDIUM
4.2.15 SELENIUM
4.2.16 SILICON
4.2.17 VANADIUM (IV,V)
4.2.18 ZINC
5. Potentially toxic elements in drinking water -in alphabetic order 5.1 INTRODUCTION TO TOXIC ELEMENTS 5.1.1 ALUMINIUM
5.1.2 AMMONIUM
5.1.3 ANTIMONY
5.1.4 ARSENIC
5.1.5 BARIUM
5.1.6 BERYLLIUM
5.1.7 BISMUTH
5.1.8 BROMATE
5.1.9 CADMIUM
5.1.10 CYANIDE
5.1.11 GERMANIUM
5.1.12 LEAD
5.1.13 MERCURY
5.1.14 NICKEL
5.1.15 NITRATE
5.1.16 NITRITE
5.1.17 RADIOACTIVITY
5.1.18 SILVER
5.1.19 STRONTIUM
5.1.20 TIN
5.1.21 TITANIUM
5.1.22 URANIUM
6. Technical and mineral level effects of water treatment, corrosion control
6.1 CHEMICAL CONDITIONS IN A NON-CORROSIVE WATER, AND HOW TO PRODUCE IT
6.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NON-CORROSIVE WATER
6.1.2 HARDNESS AND ALKALINITY
6.1.3 SATURATION AND LANGELIER INDEX
6.1.4 LARSON-SKOLD INDEX
6.1.5 DIN STANDARDS
6.1.6 SAR (SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO)
6.1.7 OPTIMUM RE-MINERALIZATION LEVEL
6.1.8 BLENDING WATERS
6.2 DEMINERALIZATION/DESALINATION
6.3 SOFTENING
6.4 OTHER FILTERS
6.4.1 SAND FILTER
6.4.2 IRON AND MANGANESE FILTERS
6.4.3 SOFTENING FILTER
6.4.4 FILTER WITH CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
6.4.5 SUPPLEMENTATION WITH NaOH TO INCREASE pH
6.4.6 SUPPLEMENTATION WITH Ca(OH)2 TO INCREASE pH
6.4.7 CARBON FILTER
6.4.8 MEMBRANE DISTILLATION
6.4.9 ION EXCHANGE FILTER
6.4.10 NITRATE FILTER
6.4.11 FLUORIDE FILTER
6.5 EXPERIENCES FROM ISRAEL
6.6 RAIN WATER HARVESTING
6.7 GENERAL ADVICES ON CHOICE OF TREATMENT PROCESSES TO PRESERVE
OR IMPROVE THE MINERAL CONTENT/MINERAL BALANCE
7. Health effects of demineralization drinking water
8. The positive effects of drinking water in mineral balance; optimum nutrient ratios and protection against toxic elements by nutrient elements
9. Drinking water regulations today and a view for the future
9.1 PRESENT REGULATIONS AND THEIR SHORTCOMINGS
9.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS AND THE NEED FOR DECLARATION OF MINERAL CONTENT/MINERAL BALANCE
9.3 BOTTLED WATERS