Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications

1. Introduction and Historical Perspective. 2. Similarities and Differences between Supercapacitors and Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage. 3. Energetics and Elements of Kinetics of Electrode Processes. 4. Elements of Electrostatics Involved in Treatment of Double-Layers and Ions at Capacitors Electrode Interfaces. 5. Behavior of Dielectrics in Capacitors and Theories of Dielectric Polarization. 6. The Double-Layer at Capacitor Electrode Interfaces: Its Structure and Capacitance. 7. Theoretical Treatment and Modeling of the Double-Layer at Electrode Interfaces. 8. Behavior of the Double-Layer in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes and Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Capacitors. 9. The Double-Layer and Surface Functionalities at Carbon. 10. Electrochemical Capacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance. 11. The Electrochemical Behavior of Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2) as a Material for Electrochemical Capacitors. 12. Capacitance Behavior of Films Conducting, Electrochemically Reactive Polymers. 13. The Electrolyte Factor in Supercapacitor Design and Performance: Conductivity, Ion-Pairing and Solvation. 14. Electrochemical Behavior at Porous Electrodes; Applications to Capacitors. 15. Energy-Density and Power-Density of Electrical Energy Storage Devices. 16. AC Impedance Behavior of Electrochemical Capacitors and Other Electrochemical Systems. 17. Treatments of Impedance Behavior of Various Circuits and Modeling of Double-Layer Capacitor Frequency Response. 18. Self-Discharge of Electrochemical Capacitors in Relation to that of at Batteries. 19. Technology Development. 20. Patent Survey.