Polymers, Liquid Crystals, and Low-Dimensional Solids

'I. Polymers.- 1. Introduction to Polymeric Structure and Polymers.- 1.1. Classification.- 1.1.1. Linear Chains and Networks.- 1.1.2. Periodic and Aperiodic Polymers.- 1.1.3. Homopolymers and Copolymers.- 1.1.4. Single-Component Polymers.- 1.2. Main Types of Polymerization Reaction.- 1.2.1. Condensation Polymerization.- 1.2.2. Addition Polymerization.- 1.3. Imperfection Types in a Linear Homopolymer Chain.- 1.3.1. End Groups.- 1.3.2. Molecular Length (Weight) Distribution.- 1.3.3. Isomerism.- 1.4. Formulas of Some Important Polymers.- 1.4.1. Condensation Polymers.- 1.4.2. Addition Polymers.- 1.5. Melting Range of Polymers; Specialty Materials.- 1.5.1. Conventional Polymers.- 1.5.2. Specialty Materials.- 1.6. The Physical State.- 1.6.1. Resumé of the Amorphous State.- 1.6.2. The Usefulness of Polymers in Terms of Their Physical State.- 2. Crystallinity and Kinetics of Crystallization.- 2.1. Basic Classifications.- 2.1.1. Generalities.- 2.1.2. Sources of Lattice Imperfections in Polymers.- 2.1.3. Modes of Crystallization.- 2.2. Crystal Structure.- 2.2.1. The Unit Cell.- 2.2.2. Chain Conformations.- 2.2.3. Chain Packing.- 2.2.4. Crystal Structure Determination.- 2.3. Degree of Crystallinity.- 2.3.1. The Principle of the Determination.- 2.3.2. Methods of Determination.- 2.3.3. An Appreciation of the Different Methods.- 2.4. Kinetics of Crystallization.- 2.4.1. Rates of Crystallization.- 2.4.2. The Xc vs t Curves.- 2.4.3. Morphological vs True Crystallinity.- 2.4.4. Primary and Secondary Crystallization.- 2.4.5. Textures.- 2.4.6. Analytical Treatment of Crystallization Kinetics.- 2.5. Spherulites.- 2.5.1. Optical Properties of Spherulites.- 2.5.2. Morphology of Spherulites.- 2.5.3. The Fine Structure of Spherulites.- 3. The Basic Crystal Unit.- 3.1. Single-Crystal Lamella.- 3.1.1. Discovery and Description.- 3.1.2. The Chain-Folding Model.- 3.1.3. Fold Length l.- 3.2. Theories of Chain Folding.- 3.2.1. Framework of the Kinetic Theories.- 3.2.2. Further Developments and Problems.- 3.2.3. Growth Rates.- 3.2.4. Melting Behavior as a Function of l.- 3.2.5. Comparison of Crystallization from Solution and Melt.- 3.2.6. Some New Perspectives in Crystallization Theories.- 3.3. Morphology of Chain-Folded Crystals.- 3.3.1. Monolayer Crystals.- 3.3.2. Multilayer Crystals.- 3.4. Fold Structure - Nature of Amorphous Material.- 3.4.1. The Issues.- 3.4.2. Experimentation in Aid of the Fold-Surface Problem.- 3.4.3. Outcome of the Enquiries.- 3.5. Neutron Scattering Experiments: The Chain Trajectory.- 3.5.1. Technique and Potential.- 3.5.2. Angular Ranges.- 3.5.3. Some Results.- 3.6. Alternative Morphologies.- 3.6.1. Extended-Chain-Type Crystals.- 3.6.2. Micellar Crystals (Crystal Gels).- 4. Other Classes of Crystallization.- 4.1.Crystallization Concurrent with Polymerization (Nascent Polymers).- 4.2. Orientation-Induced Crystallization.- 4.2.1. General.- 4.2.2. Morphological Background.- 4.2.3. Mode of Chain Extension.- 4.2.4. Structure of Shish-Kebabs.- 4.2.5. Properties of Shish-Kebabs.- 4.2.6. Some Practical Consequences.- 5. Hierarchical Nature of Macromolecular Structure.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.1.1. Crystalline Constituents.- 5.1.2. Amorphous Constituents.- 5.2. Crystal Defects.- 5.2.1. Defects Within the Crystal Lattice.- 5.2.2. Defects Beyond the Level of the Lattice.- 5.3. Thermal Behavior.- 5.3.1. Amorphous Material.- 5.3.2. Crystal Lattice.- 5.3.3. Melting Range.- 5.4. Deformation.- 5.4.1. Polymers as Self-Structured Composites.- 6. Influence of Processing on Polymeric Materials.- 6.1. Polymeric Processing.- 6.2. General Comments on Influence of Flow.- 6.3. Dumbbell Model.- 6.3.1. Shear Flow.- 6.3.2. Elongational Flow.- 6.3.3. Other Flows.- 6.4. Multiplicity of Friction Points: Rouse-Zimm Model.- 6.5. Concentrated Systems.- 6.6. Effects of Flow on Crystallization.- 6.7. Recent Developments.- References and Bibliography for Part I.- II. Liqu