Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources

One Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources.- 1 History of mineral and thermal waters.- 1.1 Therapeutic waters.- 1.2 Mineral extraction from ground waters.- 1.3 Bottling of mineral waters.- 1.4 Energy from thermal waters.- 2 Uses of mineral and thermal waters.- 2.1 Mineral waters.- 2.2 Therapeutic spas.- 2.3 Regulations governing mineral and bottled waters.- 2.4 Geothermal energy.- 3 Hydrogeochemistry and origin of mineral waters.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Chemical evolution of groundwater.- 3.3 Hydrochemical principles.- 3.4 Evolution of groundwater in a stratabound aquifer.- 3.5 Evolution of groundwater in crystalline rocks.- 3.6 Radioactive mineral waters.- 3.7 Categories of mineral waters.- 3.8 Isotope hydrochemistry, water origins and groundwater dating.- 4 Thermal water systems.- 4.1 Heat production and heat flow.- 4.2 Heat transport.- 4.3 Geothermal systems.- 4.4 Thermal water systems.- 4.5 Origins and chemistry of thermal waters.- 5 Investigation of mineral and thermal water systems.- 5.1 Stages of investigation.- 5.2 The resource base.- 5.3 Exploration.- 5.4 Estimation of the potential yield of mineral waters.- 5.5 Methods for estimating the quantity of heat stored in thermal water systems.- 6 Modelling of groundwater systems.- 6.1 Conceptual models.- 6.2 Constructing a model.- 6.3 Fundamental equations.- 6.4 Analytical modelling.- 6.5 Numerical modelling.- 6.6 Comparison of modelling methods.- 7 Exploitation and management of mineral and thermal waters.- 7.1 Abstraction of mineral waters.- 7.2 Abstraction of thermal waters.- 7.3 Drilling and borehole construction.- 7.4 Scaling and corrosion.- 7.5 Transport.- 7.6 Heat recoverability.- 7.7 Heat regeneration.- 7.8 Resource management.- 8 Environmental issues and conservation.- 8.1 Anthropogenic impacts.- 8.2 Concerns of mineral water exploitation.- 8.3 Protection of mineral water resources.- 8.4 Impacts of exploitation of thermal waters.- 8.5 Operational characterization of resource conservation.- Two Case Studies.- 9 Geothermal energy in Iceland.- 9.1 Geological outline.- 9.2 Geothermal activity, hydrogeology and chemistry.- 9.3 History of exploitation of geothermal resources.- 9.4 Case studies.- Acknowledgments.- 10 The spas of England.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The spas of London and Surrey.- 10.3 The 'wyches' of Mercia and Cheshire.- 10.4 Other Mercian spas.- 10.5 Spas of the Carboniferous limestone of the White Peak.- 10.6 Harrogate spas.- 10.7 Bath.- 11 Geothermal and mineral water resources of Lithuania.- 11.1 Geological context.- 11.2 Mineral waters of Lithuania.- 11.3 Geothermal energy.- 12 Natural mineral waters of Mineralnye Vody region of north Caucasus, CIS.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Geography.- 12.3 Geology.- 12.4 Hydrogeology.- 12.5 Narzan bottled water source.- 12.6 Resource management.- 12.7 Narzan water quality.- 13 Geological, hydrochemical, regulatory and economic aspects of natural packaged water production: Nordland County, Norway.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Methodology.- 13.3 Geology and hydrogeology.- 13.4 Spring water, mineral water or packaged water?.- 13.5 Hydrogeochemistry.- 13.6 Logistical considerations 3.- 13.7 Export possibilities.- 13.8 Discussion and conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- 14 The mineral and thermal waters of the Krusné Hory rift valley, Czech Republic.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Karlovy Vary.- 14.3 Mariánské Lázn?.- 14.4 Frantiskovy Lázn?.- 14.5 Hájek-Soos.- 14.6 Jáchymov.- 15 The spa of Buzia?, Romania.- 15.1 Position and brief history.- 15.2 Geology and occurrence of groundwater.- 15.3 The mineral water resource.- 15.4 Exploitation of mineral waters.- 15.5 Utilization of mineral waters.- 15.6 Optimization of exploitation.- 15.7 Protection and conservation of sources.- 16 Optimization of exploitation of geothermal reservoirs in the Pannonian Basin, Romania.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Reservoir characteristics.- 16.3 Specific management approaches.- 16.4 Single well analysis.- 16.5 Well field analysis.- 16.6 Final Remarks.