Nonlinear Physical Oceanography: A Dynamical Systems Approach to the Large Scale Ocean Circulation a

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction1.1 Past Climate Variability1.2 The Present Ocean Circulation1.3 Present Climate Variability1.4 Physics of Climate Variability1.5 Exercises on Chapter 1 2. Background Material2.1 Basic Equations2.2 Vorticity Transport2.3 Potential Vorticity2.4 Stability 2.5 Exercises on Chapter 2 3. A Dynamical Systems Point of View3.1 An Elementary Problem3.2 Dynamical Systems: Fixed Points3.3 Periodic Solutions and their Stability3.4 Bifurcations of Periodic Orbits3.5 Global Bifurcations3.6 Synchronization Phenomena3.7 Physics of Bifurcation Behavior3.8 Exercises on Chapter 3 4. Numerical Techniques4.1 A Prototype Problem4.2 Computation of Steady Solutions4.3 Detection and Switching4.4 Linear Stability Problem4.5 Implicit Time Integration4.6 Linear System Solvers: Direct Methods4.7 Linear System Solvers: Iterative Methods4.8 Application to the Prototype Problem4.9 Exercises on Chapter 4 5. The Wind-driven Ocean Circulation5.1 Phenomena5.2 Models of the Midlatitude Ocean Circulation5.3 Shallow-water and Quasi-geostrophic Models5.4 Classical Results5.5 Bifurcations of flows in Quasi-geostrophic Models5.6 Bifurcations of flows in Shallow-water Models5.7 Effects of Continental Geometry5.8 High-resolution OGCMs5.9 Observations5.10 Synthesis5.11 Exercises on Chapter 5 6. The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation6.1 Low-frequency North Atlantic Climate Variability 6.2 Potential Mechanisms6.3 Two-dimensional Boussinesq Models6.4 Diffusive Thermohaline Flows6.5 Convective Thermohaline Flows6.6 Zonally Averaged Ocean Models6.7 Three-dimensional Ocean Models6.8 Coupled Ocean-atmosphere Models6.9 Synthesis 6.10 Exercises on Chapter 6 7. The Dynamics and Physics of ENSO7.1 Basic Phenomena7.2 Models of the Equatorial Ocean7.3 Physics of Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling7.4 The Zebiak-Cane Model7.5 Towards the Delayed Oscillator7.6 Coupled Processes and the Annual Mean State7.7 Unifying Mean State and Variability7.8 Presence of the Seasonal Cycle7.9 ENSO in Coupled General Circulation Models7.10 Synthesis|7.11 Exercises on Chapter 7