Applied Hydrodynamics in Petroleum Exploration

1 Fluids, Pressures, and Gradients.- The Nature of Fluids.- Pressures and Fluids.- Conversion of Units.- Pascal's Principle.- Pressure Relationships in Fluid Networks.- Planes and Gradients.- 2 Formation Pressure Measurements and Data.- Sources of Pressure Data.- DST Pressure Charts and Pressure Extrapolation.- Accuracy of Drill Stem Test Measurements.- Formation Pressure Information from Well Records.- Computer Data Bases.- Repeat Formation Testing (RFT).- The Selective Formation Tester.- RFT Data.- Analysis and Interpretation of RFT Log Data.- 3 Fluid Environments.- The Hydrostatic Environment.- Internal Forces-Static Environment.- The Hydrodynamic Environment.- Internal Forces-Hydrodynamic Environment.- Hydraulic Segregation of Hydrocarbons.- Hydrocarbon Accumulations as a Function of Hydrodynamic Intensity.- Effects of Flow Magnitude and Direction on Locations of Hydrocarbon Pools.- Characteristics of Hydrostatic Environments.- Characteristics of Hydrodynamic Environments.- 4 Potential Energy Variation in Fluids.- Potential and Kinetic Energy.- Potential Energy in a Fluid.- Force Fields, Flow Lines, and Gradients.- Force Models of Hydrocarbon Traps.- Pressure, Potential, and Hydraulic Head.- 5 Rock, Pore Space, and Fluid Systems.- Rocks and Water.- Compaction, Porosity, and Pore Pressure.- Hydrodynamic Rock-Water Systems.- Water Expulsion and Escape.- 6 Nonnormal Formation Pressures.- Abnormal Pore Pressures.- Hydraulic Head and Potential Energy.- Causes of Abnormal Formation Pressure.- Osmosis, Hydrodynamics, and Abnormal Pressure.- Geopressures.- 7 Pressure Variation with Depth.- Pressure-Depth Gradient Diagrams.- Geologic Interpretation of P-D Plots.- Regional Systems: Separate Hydrocarbon Reservoirs on a Common Aquifer.- Structural Trap Reserves Estimation Problem.- Subsurface Correlations Based on Pressure Data.- Interpretation of Pressure Differences on P-D Graphs.- P-D Gradient Plots and Potentiometrie Surfaces.- Pressure Deflection Maps.- Construction of Pressure System Maps.- 8 Potentiometric Maps and Subsurface Water Flow.- The Potentiometric Surface.- Inference of Subsurface Flow Patterns.- Examples of Potentiometric Maps.- Regional Potentiometric Maps and Basin Models.- Potentiometric Maps of Some Basins.- Local Potentiometric Anomalies and Hydrocarbon Accumulations.- Using a Constant Hydrostatic Gradient Value.- 9 Tilted and Displaced Oil and Gas Pools.- Nonhorizontal Hydrocarbon-Water Contacts.- Tilted Oil-Water Contacts Attributable to Factors Other Than Hydrodynamic.- Economic Significance of Tilted Oil-Water Contacts.- Characteristics of Hydrodynamic Environments.- U, V, Z Construction Procedure.- Mapping Oil and Gas Potential Energy Levels from Water Pressures.- 10 Entrapment Potential Cross Sections.- Hydrostatic Structural Trap.- Hydrodynamic Structural Trap.- Stratigraphic-Hydrodynamic Trap Model.- Regional-Scale Entrapment Potential Cross Sections.- U, V, Z Oil Prediction Problem.- 11 Entrapment Potential Maps.- Hydrocarbon Entrapment.- Hydrodynamic-Structural Trap and Entrapment Potential Mapping.- Displacement of Hydrocarbon Pools.- Hydrodynamic-Stratigraphic Entrapment Potential.- An Application of U, V, Z Mapping.- Regional and Local Mapping of Hydrodynamic Traps: Problem 1.- Local Mapping of Hydrodynamic Traps: Problem 2.- Regional and Local Mapping of Hydrodynamic Traps: Problem 3.- 12 Tilted Oil and Gas Pools: Some Published Examples.- References.- List of Symbols and Abbreviations.- Appendices.- A Answers to Problems.- B Picking Hydrocarbon-Water Interfaces from Well Logs.- C Relationship Between Pressure and Hydraulic Head.