The Geology of the Atlantic Ocean

1. Exploration.- Ancient Man.- Early North African and European Voyages.- General.- Celts.- Phoenicians-Iberians.- Egyptians-Libyans.- Greeks-Massilians.- Romans.- Vikings-Norse.- Maps.- European Voyages after 1400 A.D..- General.- Africa.- North America.- South America.- 2. Physiography.- Historical Development.- Hypsometry.- Physiographic Diagrams.- Land Areas.- Coasts and Shores.- Seacliffs.- Estuaries and Lagoons.- Continental Shelves.- Definitions.- Dimensions.- Detailed Morphology.- General.- Glacial, Diapir, Fault, and Slump Topographies.- Subaerial Topography.- Submerged Shore Topography.- Youthful Marine Topography.- Sea-Level History.- General.- The Past 36,000 Years.- The Past 6000 Years.- The Past 100 Years.- Future Levels.- Continental Slopes.- Definitions and Dimensions.- General Topography.- Carbonate Platforms and Escarpments.- Salt and Mud Diapirs.- Tectonism.- Submarine Canyons.- Landslide Scars.- Large Deltas and Deep-Ocean Cones.- Continental Rises.- General.- Deep-Ocean Channels.- Mass Movements.- Origin.- Abyssal Plains.- Abyssal Aprons.- General.- Sediment Drifts.- Other Sedimentary Features.- Eroded Areas of Deep-Ocean Floor.- Spreading (Primary) Ridges and Fracture Zones.- Geophysical Background.- North Atlantic Ocean.- South Atlantic Ocean.- Some General Characteristics.- Bathymetric Interpretations.- Poles of Plate Rotation.- Packets and Wedges of Fracture Zones.- Longitudinal Profiles.- Transverse Profiles.- Abyssal Hills.- Rock Falls and Slumps.- Convergence Ridges.- Aseismic Ridges.- General.- Mantle Plumes.- Extinct Spreading Belts.- Extinct Subduction Belt.- Horsts of Oceanic Crustal Rocks.- Microcontinents.- Continental Extensions.- Sedimentary Ridges.- Active Volcanoes.- Seamounts and Guyots.- Troughs.- General.- Glacial Troughs.- Carbonate Troughs.- Fracture Zone Troughs.- Divergence Troughs.- Plate Translation Troughs.- Convergence Troughs.- Sediment Troughs.- Troughs in Continental Crust.- Trenches.- 3. Internal Igneous Structure.- Historical Development.- Core.- General.- Geomagnetism.- Geoid.- Mantle.- General.- Seismicity.- Heat Flow.- Geoid and Gravity.- Composition.- Top of Mantle.- Oceanic Crust (Layer 3).- Seismic Properties.- Thickness and Depth to Top.- Composition.- Basaltic Layer (Layer 2).- Seismic Properties.- Thickness and Depth to Top.- Composition and Origin.- Magnetic Reversals.- Importance to Plate Tectonics.- Recognition and Origin.- Dating of Reversals.- Mapping of Lineations.- Slope Anomaly.- Smooth (Quiet) Zones (Belts).- Spreading Belts.- Triple Junctions.- Age of Layer 2.- Magnetic Pole Positions.- Modern and Historical Times.- Geological Times.- Paleogeography.- Plate Movements and Opening of Atlantic Ocean.- Paleobiogeography.- Paleosealevels and Plate Movements.- Previous and Future Atlantic Oceans.- Continental Crust.- General Structure.- Magnetic Patterns.- Seismicity.- General.- Divergence Boundaries.- Translation Boundaries.- Convergence Boundaries.- Plate Interiors.- Gravity.- General.- Plate Convergence.- Plate Divergence.- Plate Translation.- Less Completely Compensated at Depth.- Topography of Ocean Surface.- 4. The Syn-Rift Supersequence and Crustal Boundary.- Pangaea and Its Construction.- Background.- Information from North Atlantic Fragments.- Information from the South Atlantic.- Pangaea as a Whole.- Breakup of Pangaea.- Early Stages.- Southern North Atlantic.- Southernmost North Atlantic.- South Atlantic.- Northern North Atlantic.- Continental/Oceanic Crustal Boundary.- Continental Separation.- Divergent Margins.- General Forms.- Listric Faulting.- Listric Faulting/Intrusion.- Normal Faulting and Outer Highs.- Basement Hinge.- Listric Faulting Model (With or Without Outer Highs).- Normal Faulting and Outer-High Model.- Basement Hinge Model.- Translation Margins.- Distribution and Cause.- North Atlantic.- Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Northern South America, Gulf of Guinea.- South Atlantic.- Divergent-Convergent Margin of Northern Spain.- Conver