Africa on the Move: Migration, Translocal Livelihoods and Rural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

1              Introduction  | 13

2              Time for a Rethink  | 19

2.1          Research on Migration and Development: "Caught in Two Traps"  | 19

2.1.1      The Ideological Trap  | 21

2.1.2      The Territorial Trap  | 25

2.1.3      Impulses from International Migration and Development Research  | 26

2.2          The Limits of Rural-Urban Thinking  | 31

2.2.2      Rural-Urban Thinking in Development Politics: Dualistic Persistences  | 36

2.3          Translocal Perspectives  | 39

3              Translocal Livelihoods - New Perspectives on Livelihood Research  | 45

3.1          Translocalizing the Livelihood Perspective  | 46

3.2          Methodological Implications: Concepts of Translocal Communities, Translocal Households and Translocal Livelihoods  | 49

4              Vulnerability and Translocality: Why Livelihoods become Translocal  | 57

4.1          Translocal Structuration: Translocality as Outcome and Condition of Livelihood Agency  | 57

4.2          The Translocalization of Livelihoods in the Context of Social Vulnerability  | 60

4.2.1      Economic Diversification, Vulnerability and Translocality  | 66

4.2.2      Migration, Vulnerability and Translocality  | 72

5              Translocal Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa  | 87

5.1          Urbanization Processes in Africa: "Urbanization without Growth but with Translocalization"  | 87

5.2          The Prevalence of Translocal Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa - an Attempt at Quantitative Estimation  | 93

5.3          Translocal Patterns  | 99

5.3.1      Spatial Patterns | 99

5.3.2      Temporal Patterns  | 105

5.3.4      Who Stays, Who Goes, Who Returns?  | 115

5.3.5      Translocal Communication Patterns  | 132

6              Influence of Translocal Livelihoods on Aspects of Rural Structural Transformation  | 137

6.1          Economic Dimensions of Translocal Livelihoods | 137

6.1.1      Remittances | 138

6.1.2      Work Force and Workload  | 164

6.2          Ecological Dimensions of Translocal Livelihoods  | 172

6.3          Social Dimensions of Translocal Livelihoods | 181

6.3.1      Education  | 182

6.3.2      Gender  | 189

6.3.3.     Health  | 206

7              Conclusion  | 227

7.2          The Translocality of Livelihoods as a Temporally Stable Phenomenon  | 234

7.3          Plea for a Translocal Awareness in Development Planning  | 236

References  | 241