Ecosystem Biogeochemistry: Element Cycling in the Forest Landscape

Preface.- Chapter 1: General Chemical Concepts.- Introduction.- Periodic Table and Element Groups.- Chemical Bonding.- Chemical Reactions, Stoichiometry, and Kinetics.- Equilibrium, Steady-State, and Residence Time.- General Concepts of Organic Chemistry.- Aqueous Solubility and Polarity.- Diffusion and Osmotic Potential.- Freezing Exclusion and Concentration of Solutes.- Defining Dissolved and Particulate Phases.- SI Units and Concentrations.- Ionic Charge Balance.- Stable Isotope Chemistry.- Chapter 2: Soil Biogeochemistry.- Introduction.-Soil Formation and Pedogenesis.- Soil Classification.- Soil Texture and Coarse Fragments.- Soil Moisture.- Mineralogy.- Physical-Chemical Features of Clays and Other Soil Colloids.- Clay Colloids.- Humic Colloids.- Chemical Processes in Soils.- Ion Exchange and Adsorption in Soils.- Soil Ion Exchange Chemistry and Base Saturation.- Acidification.- Complexation.- Leaching.- Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions.- Comparative Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties.- Soil Exchange Chemistry.- Soil Distributions of Aluminum.- Vertical Distributions of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Soils.- Forms of Organic Nitrogen in Soils.- Patterns of Soil Solution Chemistry.- Integrated Processes of Nutrient Supply and Storage in Soils.- Chapter 3: Microbial Biogeochemistry.- Introduction.- Redox Conditions.- Microbial Nitrogen Transformations.- Nitrogen Fixation.- Mineralization or Ammonification.- Nitrogen Immobilization.- Nitrification.- Denitrification.- Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA).- Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- Microbial Sulfur Transformations.- Mineralization of Organic Sulfur.- Anaerobic Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction.- Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction.- Microbial Carbon Transformations.- Fermentation.- Methane Production.- Organic Acid Synthesis by Microbes.- Microbial Processes that Contribute to Bioremediation or Metal Transformations.- Chapter 4: Plant Biogeochemistry.- Introduction.- General Plant Chemistry.- Plant Functional Morphology and Growth Allocation.- Aboveground Structure and Function.- Belowground Structure and Function of the Root System.- Growth Allocation and Root:Shoot Relationships.- Carbon Fixation, Metabolism, and Plant Production.- Photosynthesis and Nutrients.- Photosynthesis and Water.- Respiration and Metabolism.- Exchange of Carbon Dioxide in a Forest Ecosystem.- Energy Budgets and Primary Production.- Whole-Plant Carbon Cycling and Allocation.- Metabolic Allocation to Plant Defense.- Plant Nutrient Cycling.- Plant Nutrient Absorption.- Implications of Nutrient Uptake for Acid-Base Chemistry.- Plant Transport or Translocation of Nutrients.- Plant Nutrient Resorption.- Detrital Cycling of Plant Nutrients.- Plant Canopy Processes Affecting Element Cycling.- NUE as an Index of Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Cycling.- Nutrient Limitation.- Effects of Chemical Stress on Plants.- Effects of Acidic Deposition on Plant Membrane-Bound Calcium.- Aluminum Antagonism and Toxicity Stress.- Plant Responses to Ozone Stress.- Chapter 5: Cycling of Organic Matter.- Introduction.- Ecosystem Perspective.- Storage of Organic Matter in Forest Soils, Biomass, and Woody Debris.- Soil Organic Matter and Soil Carbon Storage.- Forest Floor Storage.- Turnover Rates and Age of Soil Organic Matter Reservoirs.- Influence of Land Management and Disturbance on SOM.- Aboveground and Belowground Biomass.- Coarse Woody Debris.- Transfers of Organic Matter in Detritus and Solutions.- Aboveground Litterfall.- Belowground Detrital Inputs from Root Mortality and Turnover.- Solution Transfers of DOM.- Decomposition of Organic Matter.- General Processes of Decomposition.- Wood Decay Processes.- Decomposition Rates and Decay Constants.- Element Cycling Patterns in Decaying Organic Matter.- Substrate Controls on Decomposition.- Environmental Controls on Decomposition.- Biological Influences on Decomposition.- Transfers of CO2 in the Organic Matter Budget of a Forest Ecosystem.- Chapter 6: Atmospheric Deposition.- Introduction.- Atmospheric Chemistry.- Deposition Processes and Patterns.- Atmospheric Emissions and Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen.- Measurement and Analysis of Atmospheric Deposition.- Wet Deposition.- Dry Deposition.- Environmental Patterns of Precipitation Chemistry and Atmospheric Deposition.- Daily Patterns.- Monthly Patterns.- Multi-year Trends in Precipitation Chemistry.- Long-term Historical Trends in Atmospheric Deposition of Mercury.- Spatial Patterns - Deposition in North America.- Influence of Vegetation and Canopy Structure on Atmospheric Deposition.- Comparison of Atmospheric Deposition at Different Forest Sites.- Modeling Atmospheric Deposition Patterns.- A Case Study of Deposition Inputs to a Forest Ecosystem.- Chapter 7: Mineral Weathering.- Introduction.- Ecosystem Context.- Mineral Weathering Processes.- Heterogeneous Mineral Weathering at Different Scales.- Controls on Mineral Weathering Rates.- Mineralogical Controls.- Influence of Acidity and Complexing Ligands on Weathering Rates.- Experimental Effects of Acidity on Weathering Rates.- Physical Influences on Weathering Rates.- Biotic Influences on Mineral Weathering Rates.- Influence of Mineral Dissolution on the Solution Chemistry of Natural Waters.- Genesis and Weathering of Clays.- Methods of Estimating Weathering Contributions to Ecosystem Element Budgets.- Mass Balance Estimation.- Element Tracers as Indicators of Weathering Rates.- Weathering Estimation with Mineral Depletion Techniques.- Comparison of Weathering Estimates.- Comparison of Weathering in Different Ecosystems.- Chapter 8: Watershed Hydrology.- Ecosystem and Landscape Perspectives.-Influence of Geologic and Soil Conditions on Storage and Movement of Water.- Soil Hydrologic Properties.- Water Movement and Streamflow Generation in a Watershed Ecosystem.- Inferring Stream Hydrology from Stream Chemistry in Small Watersheds.- Water Balance of a Watershed Ecosystem.- Measurement Techniques for Ecosystem Water Budgets.- Components of a Water Budget - Precipitation Inputs.- Components of a Water Budget - Evapotranspiration (ET).- Components of a Water Budget - Hydrologic Storage.- Components of a Water Budget - Stream Runoff.- Integrated Analysis of a Water Budget.- Chapter 9: Aqueous Chemistry.- Introduction.- An Example of Soil Solution Chemistry - Analysis and Interpretation.- General Concepts of Aqueous Chemistry.- Sample Collection and Analysis.- Selection of Analytical Parameters.- Alkalinity or Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC).- Acidity and pH.- Conductivity.- Ionic Strength and Ion Activity.- Influence of Temperature on Solution Equilibria.- Hydrolysis and Chemical Speciation as a Function of pH.- Rate-limited Versus Equilibrium Conditions.- Differential Anion Mobility.- Effects of Ecosystem Processes on Solution Chemistry.- Case Studies - Analysis and Interpretation of Aqueous Chemistry in Natural Waters.- Controls on the Chemistry of Forest Floor Leachates.- Comparison of Stream Chemistry Along a Hydrologic Flow Gradient.- Solution Chemistry and ANC Generation Along Two Watershed Drainage Gradients.- Effects of Land Use on Watershed Exports of Nutrients in Stream Runoff.- Chapter 10: Integrated Element Cycling.- Introduction.- General Concepts of Element Cycling.- Terminology.- Comparison of Element Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems.- Nitrogen Cycle.- Calcium Cycle.- Aluminum Cycle.- Nutrient Cycling in Relation to Ecosystem Succession.- Chemical Input-Output Budgets for Watershed Ecosystems.- Element Cycling at the Landscape Scale: Exports of N and P from Large Watersheds.- Element Cycling at the Global Scale.- Global Nitrogen Cycle.- Global Carbon Cycle.- Chapter 11: Biogeochemical Modeling.- Introduction.- Considerations in the Development of a Biogeochemical Model.- Steps in Building a Biogeochemical Model.- An Introductory Model of Watershed Nitrogen Cycling.- Applications of Biogeochemical Models.- TREGRO - A Model to Simulate Plant Responses to Interacting Stresses.- TEM: A Global Model of Net Primary Productivity.- The CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model.- PnET-BGC - An Integrated Biogeochemical Model.- Watershed Acidification Models.- Nutrient Cycling Models.- Models in Watershed Hydrology.- Chapter 12: Ecosystem Disturbance and Stress.- Introduction.- Disturbance and Recovery in the Context of Ecological Succession.- Effects of Deforestation and Harvesting on Forest Ecosystems.- Twenty Years of Recovery after Forest Harvesting.- Effects of Wildfire and Prescribed Burning.- Wildfires.- Prescribed Burning as a Management Practice.- Effects of Forest Fire Smoke on Radiative Forcing.- Disturbance and Stress Resulting from Chronic N Inputs to Forest Ecosystems.- Biogeochemical Implications of Rising Atmospheric CO2 and Climate Change.- Epilogue.- Appendix: Problem Sets in Biogeochemistry.- Glossary.- Index .