Atomic and Nuclear Physics: An Introduction

1 Kinetic Theory.- 1.1 The Atom in History.- 1.2 Brownian Motion.- 1.3 Basic Assumptions of Kinetic Theory.- 1.4 Pressure of a Gas.- 1.5 Molecular Velocities.- 1.6 Temperature of a Gas: Avogadro's Hypothesis.- 1.7 Mean Free Path.- 1.8 Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity.- 1.9 Specific Heat Capacities.- 1.10 Atomicity.- 1.11 Molar Heat Capacities.- 1.12 Van der Waals' Equation.- 1.13 Molecular Sizes.- 1.14 Summary.- 2 The Electron.- 2.1 Electrical Conduction in Solutions.- 2.2 Conduction in Gases.- 2.3 Properties of Cathode Rays.- 2.4 Thomson's Method for Measuring Charge per Unit Mass (e/m).- 2.5 Dunnington's Method for e/m.- 2.6 Charge on the Electron.- 3 Natural Radioactivity.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 e/m for ?-Rays.- 3.3 Bucherer's Method for e/m of ?-Rays.- 3.4 The Charge-Mass Ratio (E/M) for ?-Rays.- 3.5 Charge on ?-Particles.- 3.6 Identification of ?-Particles.- 3.7 Early Models of the Atom.- 3.8 The Scattering of ?-Particles.- 3.9 Estimates of Nuclear Diameter and Charge.- 3.10 The Neutron.- 4 Radioactive Series and Isotopes.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Equation of Radioactive Decay.- 4.3 Mean Lifetime of Radioactive Substance.- 4.4 Half-Lives of Radioactive Substances.- 4.5 Radioactive Series.- 4.6 Radioactive Equilibrium.- 4.7 Isotopes.- 4.8 The Bainbridge Mass Spectrograph.- 5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum.- 5.1 Theories of Light.- 5.2 Interference.- 5.3 Diffraction.- 5.4 Spectra.- 5.5 The Electromagnetic Theory.- 5.6 Hertz's Experiment.- 5.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum.- 6 Quantum Theory.- 6.1 The Continuous Spectrum.- 6.2 Planck's Quantum Theory.- 6.3 The Photoelectric Effect.- 6.4 Einstein's Equation.- 6.5 The Discovery of X-Rays.- 6.6 Diffraction of X-Rays.- 6.7 X-Ray Wavelengths.- 6.8 Continuous Spectrum of X-Rays.- 6.9 Compton Effect.- 6.10 Summary.- 7 Spectra.- 7.1 The Hydrogen Spectrum.- 7.2 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom.- 7.3 Isotope Effect.- 7.4 The Spectrum of Sodium.- 7.5 Quantum Defects - Interpretation.- 7.6 Selection Rules and the Correspondence Principle.- 7.7 Excitation Potentials.- 7.8 Controlled Excitation of Spectra.- 7.9 X-Ray Spectra.- 7.10 Moseley's Work.- 7.11 The Interpretation of X-Ray Spectra.- 8 Fine Structure and Electron Spin.- 8.1 Fine Structure of Alkali-Metal Spectra.- 8.2 Electron Spin.- 8.3 Characteristic X-Rays and Absorption Spectra.- 8.4 Multiplicity of X-Ray Levels.- 9 Waves and Particles.- 9.1 The Radiation Dilemma.- 9.2 De Broglie's Theory.- 9.3 Group Velocity.- 9.4 The Davisson and Germer Experiment.- 9.5 The Experiment of Thomson and Reid.- 9.6 The Electron Microscope.- 9.7 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.- 9.8 Born's Statistical Interpretation of Waves and Particles.- 10 Wave Mechanics.- 10.1 Some Preliminaries.- 10.2 The Need for Change.- 10.3 The Schrödinger Wave Equation.- 10.4 An Alternative Approach.- 10.5 Solution of the Schrödinger Wave Equation.- 10.6 Simple One-Electron Atom Model.- 10.7 The Hydrogen Atom.- 10.8 Angular Momenta.- 10.9 Summary.- 11 The Vector Model of the Atom.- 11.1 Quantum Numbers and Angular Momenta: Summary of Symbols and Notation.- 11.2 Magnetic Moments - Orbital and Spin.- 11.3 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment.- 11.4 Spatial Quantization of Electron Spin.- 11.5 Spin-Orbit Coupling and the Total Angular Momentum j.- 12 Two-Electron Atoms - Pauli Principle.- 12.1 Wave Functions of Two-Electron Atoms.- 12.2 Vector Coupling for Two Electrons.- 12.3 The Helium Spectrum.- 12.4 jj Coupling.- 12.5 The Electronic Structure of the Elements and the Periodic Table.- 12.6 The Periodic Table - Some Empirical Rules.- 12.7 Hyperfine Structure and Nuclear Spin Angular Momentum.- 13 The Zeeman Effect.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 The Normal Zeeman Effect.- 13.3 Explanation of Zeeman Effect in Terms of Vector Model.- 13.4 Zeeman Effect of Cadmium 643·8 nm Line.- 13.5 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect and the Landé Splitting Factor.- 13.6 Zeeman Splitting in a Strong Magnetic Field: the Paschen-Back Effect.- 13.7 Conclusion.- 14 The Structure of the Nucleus.- 14.1 Int