Rock and Mineral Magnetism

'1 Introduction to the magnetism of rocks.- 1.1 Rocks as magnetic information stores.- 1.2 The recorded information.- 1.3 Rock and mineral magnetism.- 1.4 Magnetism-some preliminaries.- 2 Magnetic minerals in rocks.- 2.1 The magnetic mineral systems.- 2.1.1 The titanomagnetites.- 2.1.2 The titanomaghemites.- 2.1.3 Haematite and the haematite-ilmenite solid solution.- 2.1.4 The pyrrhotites.- 2.1.5 Other iron-bearing minerals.- 2.2 The magnetic mineralogy of igneous rocks.- 2.3 The magnetic mineralogy of sediments.- 2.4 The magnetic mineralogy of extra-terrestrial materials.- 2.5 Summary.- Selected bibliography.- 3 The atomic basis of magnetism.- 3.1 The electron spin; the transition elements.- 3.2 Exchange.- 3.3 Curie temperatures of spinel oxides.- 3.4 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy.- 3.4.1 Dipolar anisotropy.- 3.4.2 Single ion anisotropy.- 3.4.3 Anisotropic exchange.- 3.4.4 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants.- 3.5 Induced anisotropy.- 3.6 Categories of magnetic behaviour.- 3.6.1 Diamagnetism and paramagnetism.- 3.6.2 Antiferromagnetism.- 3.6.3 Ferrimagnetism and ferromagnetism.- 3.7 Summary.- Selected bibliography.- 4 The magnetization process.- 4.1 The demagnetizing field-shape anisotropy.- 4.2 Domains and domain walls.- 4.3 The magnetization process.- 4.3.1 The monodomain case.- 4.3.2 The multidomain case.- 4.3.3 The magnetization process near the monodomain/multidomain boundary.- 4.3.4 Alternating field demagnetization ('fixed switching field' model).- 4.3.5 Rotational hysteresis.- 4.3.6 Particle-particle interactions.- 4.4 The time-dependence of magnetization-equilibrium and thermal agitation.- 4.4.1 Equilibrium and disequilibrium.- 4.4.2 Approach to equilibrium.- 4.4.3 The time scale.- 4.4.4 Magnetic properties.- 4.4.5 Viscous magnetization.- 4.5 Summary.- Selected bibliography.- 5 Thermoremanent magnetization.- 5.1 The mechanism-definitions of blocking temperature.- 5.2 TRM models.- 5.2.1 Aligned monodomain grains.- 5.2.2 A random array of monodomain grains.- 5.2.3 Multidomain grains.- 5.2.4 TRM near the monodomain/multidomain boundary.- 5.3 Thermal demagnetization-partial TRM.- 5.4 Self-reversed TRM.- 5.5 Summary.- Selected bibliography.- 6 Other remanence-inducing mechanisms.- 6.1 Mechanisms in nature.- 6.1.1 Chemical remanent magnetization.- 6.1.2 Depositional remanent magnetization.- 6.1.3 Viscous remanent magnetization.- 6.1.4 Piezoremanent magnetization.- 6.2 Mechanisms in the laboratory.- 6.2.1 Anhysteretic remanent magnetization.- 6.2.2 Gyroremanent magnetization and rotational remanent magnetization.- 6.3 Summary.- Selected bibliography.- 7 Magnetic properties of titanomagnetites and titanomaghemites.- 7.1 The titanomagnetites.- 7.1.1 Intrinsic properties.- 7.1.2 The magnetization process in titanomagnetites.- 7.1.3 Weak field remanences in titanomagnetites.- 7.2 The titanomaghemites.- 7.2.1 Intrinsic properties.- 7.2.2 The magnetization process.- 7.2.3 The inversion of titanomaghemites.- 7.2.4 Weak field remanences.- 7.3 Multiphase products of the oxidation of titanomagnetite.- 7.3.1 Intrinsic properties.- 7.3.2 The magnetization process.- 7.3.3 Weak field remanence.- 7.4 Summary.- 8 Magnetic properties of other mineral systems.- 8.1 Haematite.- 8.1.1 Intrinsic properties.- 8.1.2 The magnetization process.- 8.1.3 Weak field remanence.- 8.2 The haematite-ilmenite solid solution.- 8.2.1 Intrinsic properties.- 8.2.2 The magnetization process.- 8.2.3 Weak field remanence.- 8.3 The pyrrhotites.- 8.3.1 Intrinsic properties.- 8.3.2 The magnetization process.- 8.3.3 Weak field remanence.- 8.4 Goethite.- 8.5 Iron.- 8.6 Alteration products of non-magnetic minerals.- 8.7 Summary.- 9 Applications of rock and mineral magnetism.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Physical models-the acquisition and removal of weak field remanences.- 9.2.1 Palaeomagnetism.- 9.2.2 Palaeointensity determinations.- 9.2.3 Geological applications-thermal h