Flood Vulnerability Assessment in context to changing climate.: Study in Rupauliya VDC Nawalparasi d

Vulnerability index 0.022 with exposure index 0.43, an adaptive index of 0.38 and sensitivity index of 0.44; assessed by using human, natural, social, financial and social variables.Rise in summer temperature and locals' experiences frequent and extended overcasts in past years have been supported by the analyses of temperature data.Rising trends of monsoon rainfall and falling of winter rainfall have reasonably been justified with the analyses of the rainfall data. Indigenous people, mostly illiterate Tharu and Musahar tribes living close to the river, are the most vulnerable to flood hazard and found using traditional technology such as sand bags, vegetation plantation, and jute netting to combat flood hazards, but need more knowledge and better strategies for resilience, with government or other organizational support. Lack of regional flood forecast, communication,and delays in the rescue and relief operations have caused large casualties in the past. An under populated work force with female majority, inadequate river training and knowledge, and lack of community preparedness and resilience are areas to be addressed for mitigation.