Miniature Joule-Thomson Cryocooling: Theory and Practice

Characteristics of interchangers.- Joule-Thomson versus other crycoolers.- The Joule-Thomson coefficient.- Measurements of the Joule-Thomson effect.- Differential inversion states.- Empirical correlation for the differential inversion curve.- The integral inversion states.- Chronological notes on inversion states.- The Joule expansion.- Isentropic expansion.- Preserving the stagnation enthalpy of flow.- General perspective.- The ideal Linde-Hampson cryocooling cycle.- Real Linde-Hampson cooler cycles.- Cycles of nominal extent of recuperation.- Performance of nominal recuperator.- The Linde-Hampson liquefier cycle.- Sizing the nominal recuperators.- Yield of liquefaction.- Maximum production rates.- Nozzle inlet temperature.- Temperature differences between the recuperating streams.- The mechanisms of throttling.- The Second Law of the thermodynamics considerations.- Temperatures of liquefaction and solidification.- The integral isothermal Joule-Thomson effect.- The integral isenthalpic Joule-Thomson effect.- Deriving by the equation of state.- Cooldown temperature.- Direct blow down yield of liquefaction.- The highest attainable.- Compressibility.- The cooling capacity of a pressure vessel.- Monatomic and other gases. Closing remarks.- Pressurizing alternatives.- Continuous operation.- Multi-stage cryocoolers.- Fast cooldown cryocooling.- Hybrid Joule-Thomson cryocoolers.- Joule-Thomson expansion valves.- Flow adjustment.- Heat exchangers.- MEMS cryocoolers.- Accessories and special arrangements.- Cooldown patterns.- Correlation and similarity of cooldown periods.- Transient flow rate.- The integral model of cooldown.- Optimal cryocoolers.- Cryocoolers of common effectiveness and back pressure.- The mixed coolant Linde-Hampson cycle.- Mixed coolant Linde-Hampson cryocoolers.- Mixed coolant cycle analysis.- Aspects of mixed coolants composition.- Reported mixtures.- Aspects of closed cycle operation.- Kleemenko cycle.- Closed cycle applications.- Open cycle cryocooling by mixed gases.- Gas purity and clogging.- Flow rates.- Modeling the Joule-Thomson cryocoolers.- Cryosurgical devices.- A heating up Joule-Thomson 'cryocooler'.