Treatise on Heavy-Ion Science: Volume 6: Astrophysics, Chemistry, and Condensed Matter

1. Heavy-Ion Reactions in Nuclear Astrophysics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nuclear Astrophysics.- 2.1. The Primeval Big Bang.- 2.2. Some Mathematical Preliminaries.- 2.3. Stellar Burning Processes.- 2.4. Carbon, Neon, and Oxygen Burning.- 2.5. Silicon Burning and Supernovas.- 2.6. 12C + 12C, 12C + 16O, and 16O +16O in Explosive Oxygen Burning.- 3. Measurement Techniques for Sub-Coulomb-Barrier Heavy-Ion Reactions.- 3.1. The Residual Radioactivity Method.- 3.2. Detection of Fusion Residues.- 3.3. Detection of the Emitted Particles.- 3.4. Gamma-Ray Measurements.- 3.5. The Elastic Scattering Method.- 3.6. The Effects of Resonances.- 4. Experimental Data.- 4.1. The 12C + 12C Reactions.- 4.2. The 12C + 16O Reactions.- 4.3. The 16O + 16O Reactions.- 5. Reaction Model Calculations.- 5.1. The Shapes of S(E) Curves.- 5.2. Transfer Reactions.- 5.3. Optical Model Fits for Heavy-Ion Reactions.- 5.4. The Optical Model Fit of Michaud.- 5.5. The Equivalent Square-Well Optical Potential of Michaud and Fowler.- 5.6. A Simple Coulomb Barrier Penetration Model.- 5.7. The IWBC Model.- 5.8. Resonances in the Excitation Function.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- Note Added in Proof.- References.- 2. Heavy Ions in Hot Atom Chemistry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Reactions Promoted by Accelerated Ions.- 2.1. Early Studies.- 2.2. Improved Bombardment Techniques.- 2.3. Results.- 3. Heavy Ions from the Spontaneous Decay of Radioactive Precursors.- 3.1. ? Decay of Isolated Tritiated Species.- 3.2. Applications to Structural and Kinetic Studies.- 3.3. Multicharged Ions from Nuclear Transitions Leading to Inner-Shell Ionization.- 4. Collision-Induced Coulomb Explosion of Fast Molecular Ions as a Structural Probe.- References.- 3. The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter.- Abstract.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stopping Power Tables.- 2.1. 1958: The Whaling Table.- 2.2. 1970: The Northcliffe-Schilling Table.- 2.3. 1972: The Bichsel Table.- 2.4. 1974: Ziegler and Chu Tables.- 2.5. 1977: Andersen and Ziegler: H Tables.- 2.6. 1978: Ziegler: He Tables.- 2.7. 1980: Ziegler Energetic Ion Tables.- 2.8. The Current Accuracy of Stopping Tables.- 3. Range Tables.- 3.1. 1970: Northcliffe and Schilling, "Range and Stopping Power Tables".- 3.2. 1970: Johnson and Gibbons LSS Range Tables.- 3.3. 1975: Gibbons, Johnson, and Mylroie Range Tables.- 3.4. 1975: Brice and Winterbon Range Tables.- 3.5. 1981: Littmark and Ziegler, Energetic Ion Range Tables.- 4. Electronic Stopping of Ions.- 5. Interaction of a Particle with a Free Electron Gas.- 6. Nuclear Stopping of Ions.- 7. Range Theory.- References.- 4. Ion Implantation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dynamics.- 2.1. Energy Loss, Range, and Damage.- 2.2. Replacement Collisions.- 2.3. Collision Cascades.- 2.4. Sputtering.- 3. Metals.- 3.1. Dilute Alloys.- 3.2. Concentrated Alloys.- 4. Semiconductors (Si).- 4.1. Amorphous Silicon and Epitaxy.- 4.2. Supersaturation.- 5. Ion Beam Mixing.- References.- 5. Heavy-Ion Channeling.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Trajectories and Interaction Potentials.- 2.1. Planar Channeling.- 2.2. Hyperchanneling.- 3. Energy Loss in Channels.- 3.1. Screening Effects on Energy Loss.- 3.2. Higher-Order Corrections for Electronic Stopping of Heavy Ions.- 4. Charge Changing Collisions.- 4.1. Capture and Loss under Channeling Conditions.- 4.2. Radiative Electron Capture.- 4.3. Electron Capture and Loss to Continuum States (Convey Electron Production).- 5. Resonant Coherent Excitation.- References.- 6. The Electronic Polarization Induced in Solids Traversed by Fast Ions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Wake.- 2.1. Bohr's Model.- 2.2. The Electron-Gas Model.- 2.3. Fluctuations in the Wake.- 3. Experiments with Fast Molecular-Ion Beams.- 3.1. Stopping-Power Effects.- 3.2. High-Resolution Measurements of Fragment Momenta.- 3.3. Understanding the Ring Patterns.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 7. Erosion of Surfaces by Fast Heavy Ions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sputtering at Low Energies.- 3. Sputtering at High Energies.- 3.1. General Remarks.- 3.2.