Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction: Dedicated to the International Union of Crystallography on the Occ

I. Introduction.- 1. Origin, Scope, and Plan of this Book.- II. The Beginnings.- 2. X-rays.- 2.1. Physics at the Time of Röntgen's Discovery of X-rays.- 2.2. Röntgen's Discovery.- 2.3. Progress in the Knowledge of X-rays up to 1912.- 3. Crystallography.- 3.1. Descriptive Crystallography.- 3.2. Symmetry.- 3.3. Theories of Crystal Structure.- 4. Laue's Discovery of X-ray Diffraction by Crystals.- 4.1. Physics and Crystallography at the University of Munich in 1912.- 4.2. Ewald's Thesis.- 4.3. Laue's Intuition.- 4.4. The Experimental Verification.- 4.5. The Publication of the Work.- 5. The Immediate Sequels to Laue's Discovery.- 5.1. W. H. Bragg and, his Studies of Ionization by Gamma and X-rays.- 5.2. W. L. Bragg and the Origin of Crystal Structure Analysis; X-ray Spectroscopy.- 5.3. C. G. Darwin's Work.- 5.4. Early Work in Other Countries.- III. The Tools.- 6. The Principles of X-ray Diffraction.- 6.1. X-ray Reflection according to W. L. Bragg.- 6.2. X-ray Diffraction according to Laue.- 6.3. Fourier Space.- 7. Methods and Problems of Crystal Structure Analysis.- 7.1. Various Forms of the Problem.- 7.2. The Algebraic Structure Determination.- 7.3. The Analytical Structure Determination.- 7.4. Methods of Phase Determination.- 7.5. The Patterson Method.- 7.6. The Mathematical and Instrumental Approach to Structure Determination.- IV. The Growing Field.- 8. The Growing Power of X-ray Analysis.- 9. Problems of Inorganic Structures.- 9.1. Simple Inorganic Structures.- 9.2. Inorganic Complexes.- 9.3. Inorganic Molecular Crystals.- 9.4. Metals and Other Crystals involving Metal-metal Bonds.- 9.5. Other Problems.- 10. Problems of Organic Structures.- 11. The Growing Field of Mineral Structures.- 11.1. General Remarks.- 11.2. Highlights of Structure Determination.- 11.3. Point Defect.- 11.4. Feldspars.- 11.5. One-dimensional Disorder (Stacking Faults) and Polytypism.- 11.6. What is a Mineral? What is a Crystal?.- 11.7. Concluding Remarks.- 12. Applications of X-ray Diffraction to Metallurgical Science.- 13. Problems of Biochemical Structures.- 14. X-ray Diffraction and its Impact on Physics.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. Early Ideas.- 14.3. Importance of the Ionization Spectrometer.- 14.4. Structure of the Atom.- 14.5. Structure of the Nucleus.- 14.6. The Nature of Radiation.- 14.7. X-ray Absorption and Related Phenomena.- 14.8. Crystal Dynamics.- 14.9. Crystal Texture.- 14.10. Ferroelectricity.- 14.11. Fluorescence; Electrical and Thermal Conductivity.- 14.12. Atomic and Ionic Radii.- 14.13. Magnetic Properties of Crystals.- 14.14. Electrical Properties of Crystals.- 14.15. Optical Properties of Crystals; Absolute Configuration.- 14.16. Thermo-optical Properties.- 15. Dynamical X-ray Optics; Electron and Neutron Diffraction.- 15.1. Inadequacy of the Kinematical Theory.- 15.2. Darwin's Theory.- 15.3. Ewald's Dynamical Theory (1917).- 15.4. Laue's Form of the Dynamical Theory.- 15.5. One and Two Rays in the Dynamical Theory.- 15.6. Some Applications of the Dynamical Theory.- 15.7. Electron and Neutron Diffraction.- 16. X-ray Spectroscopy.- 16.1. Early History.- 16.2. The Advent of the Diffraction X-ray Spectroscopy.- 16.3. X-ray Spectra and Atomic Structure.- 16.4. Development of X-ray Spectroscopy.- 16.5. Emission and Absorption Processes.- 16.6. The Electronic Shells of the Atom.- 16.7. X-ray Spectroscopy as an Analytical Tool.- 16.8. General Conclusions.- V. In Memoriam.- Autobiography.- William Henry Bragg.- Shoji Nishikawa.- Charles Mauguin.- E. S. Fedorov.- Artur Schoenflies.- William Thomas Astbury.- Carl H. Hermann.- Gösta Phragmén.- Victor Moritz Goldschmidt.- Christen Johannes Finbak.- Paul Knipping.- Memorial Tablets.- VI. Schools and Regional Development.- 17. British and Commonwealth Schools of Crystallography.- 17.1. General Survey.- 17.2. Crystallography in Britain during and after World War II.- 17.3. Post-war Commonwealth Development.- 17.4. Research in Non-industrial Laboratories outside the Universities and the Royal