Acoustics: An Introduction to Its Physical Principles and Applications

Preface

List of Symbols

Chapter 1 The Wave Theory of Sound

1-1 A Little History

1-2 The Conservation of Mass

1-3 Euler's Equation of Motion for a Fluid

1-4 Pressure-Density Relations

1-5 Equations of Linear Acoustics

1-6 The Wave Equation

1-7 Plane Traveling Waves

1-8 Waves of Constant Frequency

1-9 Speed of Sound and Ambient Density

1-10 Adiabatic versus Isothermal Sound Speeds

1-11 Acoustic Energy, Intensity, and Source Power

1-12 Spherical Waves

Problems

Chapter 2 Quantitative Measures of Sound

2-1 Frequency Content of Sounds

2-2 Proportional Frequency Bands

2-3 Levels and the Decibel

2-4 Frequency Weighting and Filters

2-5 Combining of Levels

2-6 Mutually Incoherent Sound Sources

2-7 Fourier Series and Long-Duration Sounds

2-8 Transient Waveforms

2-9 Transfer Functions

2-10 Stationary Ergodic Processes

2-11 Bias and Variance

Problems

Chapter 3 Reflection, Transmission, and Excitation of Plane Waves

3-1 Boundary Conditions at Impenetrable Surfaces

3-2 Plane-Wave Reflection at a Flat Rigid Surface

3-3 Specific Acoustic Impedance

3-4 Radiation of Sound by a Vibrating Piston within a Tube

3-5 Sound Radiation by Traveling Flexural Waves

3-6 Reflection and Transmission at an Interlace between Two Fluids

3-7 Multilayer Transmission and Reflection

3-8 Transmission through Thin Solid Slabs, Plates, and Blankets

Problems

Chapter 4 Radiation from Vibrating Bodies

4-1 Radially Oscillating Sphere

4-2 Transversely Oscillating Rigid Sphere

4-3 Monopoles and Green's Functions

4-4 Dipoles and Quadrupoles

4-5 Uniqueness of Solutions of Acoustic Boundary-Value Problems

4-6 The Kirchhoff-Helmholtz Integral Theorem

4-8 Radiation from a Circular Disk

4-9 Reciprocity in Acoustics

4-10 Transducers and Reciprocity

Problems

Chapter 5 Radiation from Sources Near and on Solid Surfaces

5-1 Sources near Plane Rigid Boundaries

5-2 Sources Mounted on Walls: The Rayleigh Integral; Fresnel-Kirchhoff Theory of Diffraction by an Aperture

5-3 Low-Frequency Radiation from Sources Mounted on Walls

5-4 Radiation Impedance of Baffled-Piston Radiators

5-5 Far-Field Radiation from Localized Wall Vibrations

5-6 Transient Solution for Baffled Circular Piston

5-7 Field on and near the Symmetry Axis

5-8 Transition to the Far Field

Problems

Chapter 6 Room Acoustics

6-1 The Sabine-Franklin-Jaeger Theory of Reverberant Rooms

6-2 Some Modifications

6-3 Applications of the Sabine-Franklin-Jaeger Theory

6-4 Coupled Rooms and Large Enclosures

6-5 The Modal Theory of Room Acoustics

6-6 High-Frequency Approximations

6-7 Statistical Aspects of Room Acoustics

6-8 Spatial Correlations in Diffuse Sound Fields

Problems

Chapter 7 Low-Frequency Models of Sound Transmission

7-1 Guided Waves

7-2 Lumped-Parameter Models

7-3 Guidelines for Selecting Lumped-Parameter Models

7-5 Orifices

7-6 Estimation of Acoustic Inertances and End Corrections

7-7 Mufflers and Acoustic Filters

7-8 Homs

Problems

Chapter 8 Ray Acoustics

8-1 Wavefronts, Rays, and Fermat's Principle

8-2 Rectilinear Sound Propagation

8-3 Refraction in Inhomogeneous Media

8-4 Rays in Stratified Media

8-5 Amplitude Variation along Rays

8-6 Wave Amplitudes in Moving Media

8-7 Source above an Interface

8-8 Reflection from Curved Surfaces

Problems

Chapter 9 Scattering and Diffraction

9-1 Basic Scattering Concepts

9-2 Monostatic and Bistatic Scattering-Measurement Configurations

9-3 The Doppler Effect

9-4 Acoustic Fields near Caustics

9-5 Shadow Zones and Creeping Waves

9-6 Source or Listener on the Edge of a Wedge

9-7 Contour-Integral Solution for Diffraction by a Wedge

9-8 Geometrical-Acoustic and Diffracted-Wave Contributions for the Wedge Problem

9-9 Applications of Wedge-Diffraction Theory

Problems

Chapter 10 Effects of Viscosity and Other Dissipative Processes

10-1 The Navier-Stokes-Fourier Model

10-2 Linear Acoustic Equations and Energy Dissipation

10-4 Acoustic Boundary-Layer Theory

10-5 Attenuation and Dispersion in Ducts and Thin Tubes

10-6 Viscosity Effects on Sound Radiation

10-7 Relaxation Processes

10-8 Absorption of Sound

Problems

Chapter 11 Nonlinear Effects in Sound Propagation

11-1 Nonlinear Steepening

11-2 Generation of Harmonics

11-3 Weak-Shock Theory

11-4 N Waves and Anomalous Energy Dissipation

11-5 Evolution of Sawtooth Waveforms

11-6 Nonlinear Dissipative Waves

11-7 Transition to Old Age

11-8 Nonlinear Effects in Converging and Diverging Waves

11-10 Ballistic Shocks; Sonic Booms

Problems

Indexes

Name Index