Powerful Pulsed Plasma Generators: Research and Application

1.Introduction............................................................................................              14

References..........................................................................................        21

2        Test Benches of the IEE RAS' Pulsed Plasma Generators......................................      25

2.1     Construction and Equipment of Test Benches................................................    25

2.2     Power Supplies of the Plasma Generators.....................................................    26

2.2.1      Capacitive Power Supply CPS-25.............................................      26

2.2.2      Capacitive Power Supply CPS-10...................................................     32

2.3     Components of Power Supply............................................................       36

2.4     Diagnostic Methods and Measurement Equipment....................................      39

2.4.1      Initial Parameters of Experiment...............................................      39

2.4.2      Pulsed Current.....................................................................       40

2.4.3      Voltage Drop Across Arc........................................................       41

2.4.4      Pulsed Pressure..................................................................        42

2.4.5      Optical Registration.............................................................       44

2.4.6      X-Rays Registration............................................................       46

2.4.7      Data Registration and Processing System.....................................      48

References..........................................................................................        49

3.Pulsed Plasma Generators................................................................................51

3.1     Types of Electrodischarge Chambers.....................................................      51

3.2     IEE RAS' Pulsed Plasma Generators...................................................        57

3.2.1    Design of Plasma Generators.........................................................     57

3.3     Components of Plasma Generators' Electrodischarge Chambers...................      66

References..........................................................................................        75

4        Parameters of the Arc.............................................................................        77

4.1     Resistance.....................................................................................       77

4.2     Electric Feld Intensity in Generator PPG-3............................................        83

4.3     Current Density....................................................................................       90

4.4     Inductance.....................................................................................       90

4.5     Temperature...................................................................................       91

References...........................................................................................        94

5.Erosion of Electrodes...............................................................................            96

5.1         Specific Erosion of Electrodes....................................................................96

5.2         Liquid and Vapor Erosions..............................................................    101

5.4         Erosion as Electrode Surface Layer Ejection..........................................  111

5.5     Erosion and Molecular Weight of Gas.......................................................     114

6        Oscillations of Arc' s Diameter....................................................................      118

6.1     Acoustic Oscillations......................................................................       118

6.2     Shock-Wave Compression of Arc.......................................................      122

6.3     Oscillations of Arc's Diameter Caused by Magnetic and Gas Pressures.........    125

6.4     Oscillations of Soft X-Rays Irradiation Intensity....................................      126

References........................................................................................        130

7        Processes and Heat Transfer in Electrodischarge Chamber...........................       131

7.1     Arcing in Coaxial Discharge Chamber....................................................      131

7.2     Arc Movement.............................................................................       137

7.3     Heat Transfer from Arc to Gas.........................................................       141

7.3.1      Irradiation.......................................................................       141

7.3.2      Thermal Conductivity.........................................................      143

7.3.4      Shock Waves.......................................................................      145

7.3.5      Shock Waves in Hydrogen...................................................      146

7.3.6      Shock Waves in Helium......................................................       146

7.3.7      Shock Waves in Air...........................................................       150

7.3.8      Impact of Electrode Jets on Heat Transfer..................................    152

7.4     Energy in Arc and Heat Transfer Components.......................................      156

References........................................................................................        157

8        Modes of Arcing................................................................................         159

8.1     Arc at Refractory Electrodes.................................................................      159

8.2     Arc at Fusible Electrodes.....................................................................      163

8.3     Multipulse Mode..........................................................................       164

8.4     Two-Arc Mode............................................................................       166

8.5     Programmable Mode.....................................................................       168

References........................................................................................        171

9        Arc Contraction. Modified Current of Piza-Braginskii................................       172

9.1     Arc at Initial Hydrogen Pressure of 5 MPa..........................................        172

9.2     Discharge in Helium...............................................................................       177

9.3     500 kA Arc at Tungsten Electrodes...................................................       180

9.4     1.6 MA Arc at Steel Electrodes........................................................       185

9.5     Soft X-Rays Irradiation.................................................................        188

9.6     Heating of Hydrogen by X-Ray Irradiation...........................................       189

9.7     Arc Glow Change at Contraction...........................................................        191

References........................................................................................        191

10      Arc at Ultrahigh Pressure.....................................................................       194

10.2     Arc at Current of 220 kA................................................................      201

10.3     Arc at Current of 500 kA...............................................................       207

10.4     Arc at Current of 2 ................................................................       212

10.5     Critical Pisa-Braginskii Current......................................................         213

References........................................................................................        220

11      Energy Features of Plasma Generator.....................................................       223

11.1     Energy Transfer Coefficients...........................................................      223

11.2     Simulation of Plasma Generators Processes........................................       228

References........................................................................................        230

12           Applications of Pulsed Plasma Generators...............................................     231

12.1          Application of Plasma Generators in Scientific Researches......................     231

12.2          Application of Plasma Generators for Toxic Substances Destruction..........     233

References........................................................................................        235

Index............................................................................................................       236