Zeolite Characterization and Catalysis: A Tutorial

Proposed Table of Contents Introduction: What is a zeolite: Aluminosilicates.- Aluminum Phosphates (AlPO4, SAPO, MeAPO, etc.).- Other framework materials.- Zeolite Structures: Pore Sizes and Channel Geometries.- Building Units.- Detailed Structures.- Why are zeolites useful in catalysis?: Ion-exchange properties.- Acidic properties.- Molecular shape selective properties.- Confinement effects.- Zeolites vs. conventional oxidic catalysts: pros and cons. Zeolite Synthesis: Historical Perspective.- Inorganic Synthetic Systems.- The Use of Organic Directing Agents: Templating and other effects.- New mesoporous materials.- Synthesis of Zeolites of Interest in Catalysis: Faujasite.- Mordenite.- ZSM-5 and ZSM-11.- Beta and ZSM-12.- ZSM-22 and ZSM-23.- Ferrierite (ZSM-35, etc.).- ZSM-48.- ZSM-50 (Theta-1).- ZSM-57.- MCM-22.- SSZ Zeolites.- ITQ Zeolites.- SAPO-5.- SAPO-11.- SAPO-34.- Other SAPO's.- MCM-41 and other related materials. Modification of Zeolites for Use in Catalysis: Ion Exchange: Ammonium and Alkali Ions.- Alkaline Earth Ions.- Rare Earth Ions.- Solid State Ion Exchange.- Thermal Treatments.- Hydrothermal Treatments.- Other dealumination methods.- Formation of Zeolite Catalysts: Fixed Bed.- Fluid Bed. Characterization of Zeolites: X-ray Diffraction: Powder Diffraction.- Nature of Zeolite Powder Patterns.- Variations in Zeolite Powder Patterns.- Structure determination from single crystal X-ray diffraction.- Adsorption and Diffusivity: State of molecules in zeolites.- Probing the pore structure of zeolites.- Probing the acidity of zeolites.- Determination of diffusion constants.- Diffusion-limited kinetics inside zeolite pores: Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: OH Groups.- Framework Vibrations.- Brönsted vs. Lewis Acid Sites.- Adsorbed species.- In situ studies of reaction mechanisms.- Solid StateNMR: Structural characterization.- Adsorbed molecules.- Acidic properties.- In situ studies of reaction mechanisms.- Other: XAFS.- Methods based on scientific computing (structure, diffusion, etc...).- Raman spectroscopy.- Case example: Determination of acidic properties by combining various methods.- Case example: Structural properties by combining various methods.- Zeolite Composition of Matter Patents. Principles of Zeolite Catalysis: Gas vs Liquid Phase Reactions.- Importance of Diffusivity.- Molecular shape selectivity.- Confinement effects. Case Studies: Refining/Petrochemical Processes: Catalytic Cracking.- Catalytic Hydrocracking.- Aromatics Processes.- Reactions of olefins: Oligomerization.- Olefins to Diesel and Lubricants.- Reactions of C1 building blocks: Dehydroaromatization of methane.- MTG.- MTO.- MOGDL.- Fine Chemical Applications: Acid-catalyzed reactions.- Reactions involving heteroatoms.- Redox reactions.- Regioselective and stereoselective reactions.- Miscellaneous reactions.- Conclusions.