Materials in Marine Technology

'1 The Marine Environment, Marine Structures and the Role of Materials Technology.- 1.1 The ocean environment.- 1.1.1 The chemistry of seawater.- 1.1.2 Water depth and seabed.- 1.1.3 Biological considerations.- 1.1.4 Marine atmospheres.- 1.1.5 Marine currents.- 1.1.6 Waves.- 1.1.7 Ice.- 1.2 The development of marine structures and materials.- 1.3 The range of material properties and the selection process.- 2 Mechanical Properties and Design for Marine Use.- 2.1 Properties related to deformation behaviour.- 2.1.1 Metallic deformation properties.- 2.1.2 Polymer deformation processes.- 2.1.3 The deformation of concrete.- 2.1.4 The deformation of timber.- 2.1.5 The deformation of ceramics and glasses.- 2.1.6 The deformation of composite materials.- 2.1.7 The use of deformation property data in design.- 2.2 Fracture and fatigue.- 2.2.1 Fracture and fatigue in metals.- 2.2.2 Fracture and fatigue in polymers.- 2.2.3 Fracture and fatigue in concrete.- 2.2.4 Fracture in timber.- 2.2.5 Fracture in ceramics.- 2.2.6 Fracture and fatigue in composites.- 2.2.7 Use of fracture and fatigue data in design.- 2.3 Wear properties.- 3 Marine Corrosion and Biodeterioration.- 3.1 The science of corrosion.- 3.1.1 Equilibrium electrodics.- 3.1.2 Electrode kinetics.- 3.1.2.1 Activation polarisation.- 3.1.2.2 Concentration polarisation.- 3.1.2.3 Other kinetic effects.- 3.2 The morphology of corrosion.- 3.2.1 General corrosion.- 3.2.2 Effect of material or environmental heterogeneity.- 3.2.3 Effect of surface layers (non-mechanical).- 3.2.4 Mechanically assisted corrosion.- 3.2.5 Deterioration of polymers.- 3.2.6 Deterioration of other materials.- 3.3 Corrosivity and aggressiveness of specific environments.- 3.3.1 The marine atmosphere.- 3.3.2 Seawater (including spray, splash, immersion and handling).- 3.3.3 Mineral, mud and hydrocarbon.- 3.3.4 Carbon dioxide.- 3.3.5 Biological and microbiological environments.- 3.3.6 Hydrogen sulphide.- 3.4 Corrosion protection.- 3.4.1 Prevention of metallic corrosion.- 3.4.1.1 Coatings.- 3.4.1.2 Cathodic protection.- 3.4.1.3 Anodic protection.- 3.4.1.4 Inhibition and electrolyte modification.- 3.4.2 Protection against biological effects.- 3.4.3 Protection of polymers.- 3.4.4 Protection of concrete.- 3.5 Assessment of materials performance.- 4 Marine Materials.- 4.1 Marine alloys.- 4.1.1 Alloy 'architecture'.- 4.1.1.1 Control of strength.- 4.1.1.2 Control of toughness.- 4.1.1.3 Fatigue resistance.- 4.1.1.4 Corrosion resistance.- 4.1.2 Carbon-manganese and low-alloy steels.- 4.1.3 Stainless steels.- 4.1.3.1 Austenitic stainless steels.- 4.1.3.2 Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels.- 4.1.3.3 Duplex and precipitation hardening stainless steels.- 4.1.3.4 Properties of stainless steels.- 4.1.4 Cast irons.- 4.1.5 Aluminium alloys.- 4.1.6 Copper alloys.- 4.1.6.1 The high-copper alloys.- 4.1.6.2 The cupro-nickels.- 4.1.6.3 Brasses and bronzes.- 4.1.6.3.1 Copper-zinc alloys.- 4.1.6.3.2 Copper-tin alloys.- 4.1.6.3.3 Copper-aluminium alloys.- 4.1.6.3.4 More complex alloys.- 4.1.7 Nickel alloys.- 4.1.8 Other alloys.- 4.1.8.1 Titanium alloys.- 4.1.8.2 Magnesium alloys.- 4.1.8.3 Zinc alloys.- 4.1.8.4 Others.- 4.2 Polymers for marine use.- 4.2.1 Thermoplastics.- 4.2.1.1 Polyethylenes.- 4.2.1.2 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).- 4.2.1.3 Polypropylene (PP).- 4.2.1.4 Polystyrene (PS).- 4.2.1.5 The engineering thermoplastics.- 4.2.1.6 Thermoplastic copolymers and polymer blends.- 4.2.2 Thermosetting plastics.- 4.2.2.1 The aminoplastics.- 4.2.2.2 Polyurethanes.- 4.2.2.3 Polyesters.- 4.2.2.4 Phenolics.- 4.2.2.5 Epoxies.- 4.2.2.6 Polyimides.- 4.2.3 Elastomers.- 4.2.3.1 Natural rubber (NR).- 4.2.3.2 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).- 4.2.3.3 Butadiene rubber (BR).- 4.2.3.4 Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM and EPDM).- 4.2.3.5 Other elastomers.- 4.3 Inorganic materials.- 4.3.1 Glasses.- 4.3.2 Crystalline ceramics.- 4.3.3 Other reinforcing materials.- 4.