Optical Systems for Soft X Rays

1. Properties of Soft X Rays.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Interaction of Soft X Rays with Matter.- 1.3. Sources of Soft X Rays.- 1.4. Detectors of Soft X Rays.- 1.5. General Features of Soft X-Ray Optics.- 2. Reflective Optics for Soft X Rays I. Grazing Incidence.- 2.1. Total External Reflection.- 2.2. Focusing with Spherical Mirrors at Grazing Incidence.- 2.3. Focusing at Grazing Incidence with Single Aspheric Reflectors.- 2.4. Compound Systems.- 2.5. Resolution of Grazing Incidence Systems.- 3. Manufacture of Grazing Incidence Reflective Optics.- 3.1. Manufacturing Tolerances.- 3.2. Manufacturing Techniques.- 3.3. Metrology of Grazing Incidence Optical Components.- 4. Reflective Optics for Soft X Rays II. Multilayer Mirrors.- 4.1. Reflection of Soft X Rays by Multilayer Mirrors.- 4.2. Focusing with Multilayer Mirrors.- 5. Manufacture of Multilayer Mirrors.- 5.1. Manufacturing Tolerances.- 5.2. Manufacturing Techniques.- 6. Diffractive Optics I. Diffraction Gratings.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Plane Linear Gratings.- 6.3. Concave Spherical Gratings.- 6.4. Aspheric Gratings.- 7. The Design and Manufacture of X-Ray Diffraction Gratings.- 7.1. Manufacturing Tolerances and Types of Grating.- 7.2. Manufacturing Techniques.- 8. Diffractive Optics II. Zone Plates.- 8.1. Fresnel and Soret Amplitude Zone Plates.- 8.2. Improvement of Image Quality-Modified Amplitude Zone Plates.- 8.3. Other Types of Modified Amplitude Zone Plate.- 8.4. Gabor Zone Plates.- 8.5. Phase-Modulating Zone Plates.- 9. Manufacture of Zone Plates.- 9.1. Manufacturing Tolerances.- 9.2. Manufacturing Techniques.- 9.3. Stability of Zone Plates.- 10. Applications of Soft X-Ray Focusing Systems.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Synchrotron Radiation Beam Lines and Monochromators.- 10.3. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering.- 10.4. X-Ray Microscopy.- 10.5. Imaging of Laser Fusion Plasmas.- 10.6. X-Ray Astronomy.- 10.7. X-Ray Spectroscopy.- 11. Future Developments.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Sources of Soft X Rays.- 11.3. New Developments in Soft X-Ray Optics.- 11.4. New Uses of Soft X Rays.- 11.5. Conclusions.- References.